In the history there examples of battles where the one army was attacked by the other at night. Why no one attacked the mongols?

Hey, so i wanted to ask where does the people of Romania come from because some say they came as vlach shepherds in the XIX century ad from Albania and some say they are descendants of the Ancient Dacians. I'm kind of confused so i came here to ask for the real truth or the most accurate one atleast. Thank you.

I'm researching about the latin siege of Constantinople for a project in school, and would like how much the soldiers were paid to have a basic idea of how much rough the sacking of the city was. The document Devastatio Constantinopolitana mentions the up front paying of knights and others in "marks", and in other documents "silver marks" are mentioned, I searched about the using of the word mark and the only meaning I found used in this period was a german unit of weight. Do they mean something like pounds or kilograms of silver? Were these "marks" an actual currency? If so, what country or people were they used by, and is there a way to know how much they would've been worth?

Even something as basic as chords or speed. Would there be fast, jaunty music? Slower, more poetic ballads?

All the examples of high-society women going beyond the traditional motherly role happen nearer to the end of the 18th century, and nothing of the sort seems to have happened before the 1770s. I also couldn't find much information about charitable work in England/specifically London before the 19th century, and it didn't seem to have been widely spread before industrialisation. Concretely, what were the options for a smart, active young lady once she was married? Thank you!

Been researching a bit about ex Yugoslavian countries histories and I noticed that practically the only reason why its considered a country is because of their faith while throughout most of their medieval history theyve been mostly part of Croatia with south eastern parts bring parts of Serbia. Even after they became independent their rullers at first called themselves Bans which was pretty much at the time an exclusively Croatian title which meant viceroy while other south slavic viceroys tended to call themselves župans . Their population was Bogomolist for a coupple of decades but it still doesnt make any sense to call them an ethnic group because of it. Can someone tell me more about it because Im confused.

Despite their long presence in the Philippines, it is often seen that Spain still viewed it as a less important acquisition. Especially compared to its gold-laden, cash crop-producing American colonies, their colony in the Philippines seem but a mere waypoint with which the Spanish could access the riches of China. Why then did they still colonize such a large area of the Islands, as opposed to say, merely copying the Portuguese factory-fort (feitoria) system for this instance?

I've been thinking how different the Muslim Timurid empire would have been culturally from the Mongols in the time of Genghis. It was also so many centuries ago. Would the people living in Timur's empire consider themselves to be the descendents of the Mongols?

Was he also an anti-Semitic like Hitler?

Maybe its just media interpretation but Iv noticed in all the historical shows and games I've played set after the invention of gun power no soldier is rarely wearing more than leather. I get that now all warfare is fought with guns but even in stuff like the American revolution or British Spanish war swords still played a role. Baeyanates existed and many used small daggers and regular swords. Id assume even just chest armor would help lower the damage that these semi frequent weapons and i don't see many drawbacks. I guess they could slow you down but if it's just chest armor is that lower speed really worth risking death?

So after the first crusade were the crusader states completely independent? Did the Byzantines support them or acknowledge their sovereignty? What was their relationship?

I’ve been able to do some reading and determine that the agreed language that is closest to old Norse is Icelandic or old Icelandic. But now I’m reading into differences between old East Norse and old west Norse. And I’m beginning to feel out of my depth.

What I am specifically looking for is the language spoken by the people of Denmark (Daneland at the time?) during the Viking age between around 750 and 1100 ad. If the answer is not definitive then 🤷‍♂️ but I couldn’t tell if it was not definitive or if I just couldn’t understand all of what I was reading.

I’d like to know the specific language so I could study it as a hobby, so any tips on studying this language or others like it would be wonderful!

I would imagine that people who lived in close proximity to the Mount Tambora in the South Indonesian islands were probably aware that the mountain was the source of much of their woes at the time, but I'm kind of curious if European people were able to make a connection between the unusual climatic event and the eruption. I understand that there were Europeans in and around the proximity to Tambora who reported on the gigantic explosion, were scientists back in England or the Netherlands and other parts of Europe able to put 2 and 2 together that the dust from the explosion was interfering with the suns light to cause all of the issues to do with climate at the time, or was science not yet advanced enough to make a connection?

I know that it was a B5N equipped with a 800kg AP bomb, but nothing further.

Someone with that record would have claimed it as there was no Bomb-equipped B5Ns that were lost. But I couldn't find any record to the crew who sunk the Arizona.

We have cave art of many extinct species like Cave Bears, Giant Sloths, Mammoths, Giant Kangaroos, etc. But as far as I know we don't have any cave art of Sabertoothed cats. Is there a specific reason? Did they go extinct before human contact? Were they from regions where people weren't common? Is it possible we've just misinterpreted cave art as regular lions?