A friend told me that it was common for abolitionists in the late 18th and early 19th century British Empire to switch from eating cane sugar from slave plantations to more ethical sources of sweeteners such as black treacle and maple syrup. Is anyone able to confirm? I can’t find any sources on this growth in ethical consumption and as far as I’m aware cane sugar surpassed maple syrup in popularity during the 18th/19th centuries.

How were large sections of carriers' or battle ships' hills repaired? Were there prefabricated parts? and how would each individual naval port have the right prices for each ship?

I'm reading Max Hastings Retribution and he says that it wasnt uncommon for Allied soliders to keep the skulls of dead japanese and polish them and even send them home.

Is that true? How was this viewed during the war? Was it allowed? What is the militarys view on mutilating enemy bodies like that during the war?

And what kinds of individuals would convert to Christianity? Note that I'm asking about the Western church, pre-Reformation. For context, the modern-day Roman Catholic Church usually requires catechumens to take weekly classes (RCIA) for the better part of a year, before they are baptized during the Easter Vigil.

I imagine it would vary depending on the front. But my question is if, in general, soliders were subject to different living conditions depending on which nation they were fighting for.

Also, why did Reagan deny the crisis was even happening? Was it so he could pretend he wasn’t holding back resources that could save lives? It saddens me to type this, but wouldn’t the majority of Americans be fine with withholding federal aid from “sinners?”

Also, since it was seen for a while as a “homosexual diseases, why would Reagan need to justify his inaction if only “the gays” got sick?

And by that I mostly mean in the sense of redrawing to better fit pre-colonial and/or ethnic lines.

From my understanding, prior to the outbreak of the second world war, Poland purchased roughly 271 aircraft from France and Britain (160, and 111 respectively), why was it that they weren't delivered?

For it seems to me, that modern aircraft could have greatly helped the polish air force stay in play longer than in did.

Thanks! In advance for any answers!

I know the west media and information try to picture a poor and dark USSR but the fact that they were such a big global power and had so much technological advances makes me wonder if this was actually true and if there were no other reasons for its disappearance

Looking for sources and information about women college professors/instructors at the turn of the 20th century. Were they granted full professorships? Eligible for tenure? Were they allowed to be married, or did they have to be single like school teachers were expected to be (and follow other strict rules set at the time for school teachers)? Was there housing on most campuses, or were there restrictions about how/where they could board?

Thank you very much!

EDIT to specify: This is re: coeducational colleges, not women's colleges.

Hi all. I saw today an article that found that a main river in Cuba had better nitrogen levels than the Mississipi, indicating that the intensive capitalist & industrialized agriculture of the US was taking a larger toll on the land than the subsistence farming of Cuba. It got me thinking. Where could we find good comparisons between different modes of agriculture under different systems? Well why not Russia? From feudal empire to collectivist socialism to fall and crisis to modern capitalism.

So Im wondering what the effect of these different systems was on the land throughout the ages. Perhaps with similar comparisons to western european nations during the same periods?

Thanks. If you have better formulations of my question, feel free to correct me and respond accordingly!

Russian explorers were colonizing as far south as what is now Sonoma county, which is around the northern edge of Spanish colonization. But did the two groups ever battle over territory?

Bonus question, was "God save the king" the same melody as now, or were they still using the "god save great george our king" version.

I was just thinking if they got involved the reds and the whites probably weren't worrying about there foreign borders as much they could take land easily

Please nobody mention that Voltaire quote.

This came up in a pub quiz which we lost by many many points.... but regardless the quiz master said Germany. But theres this lingering feeling like... was Germany the actually right answer if it was confederated some decades later.

We are happy enough to say Beethoven was German. But was he actually 'born in Germany?'

I've learned a bit about the USA but the Canada region is always left out. If they were so hungry for more land why didn't they move north as well?

Hello! I'm writing a book that takes place in ancient Greece. One of my characters has just been through a nasty battle, and I unconscious from blood loss and trauma. He also has badly broken ribs that may or may not be a danger to his organs. My question is: Would the ancient Greeks have had any treatments that could help him? Thank you in advance!