I'm wondering about their institutional differences but also management, political and ideological perspectives, such as if they conceptualized imperium differently from each other, especially after the Emperors in Trebizond renounced their claims to be the legal Roman Emperors)

From my understanding, Christopher columbus landed on the americas in 1492 while russia had landed on alaska in 1741. So when American settlers started moving West, and Russia began coming from the north. Was there a point where Russians and the early American settlers realized its the same continent or was this knowledge already known when russia decided to crosse the Bering Straight ?

So in class we were doing a reading of julius caeser and we get to the part where Augustus get brought up and ive always known him as such but in there he is called Octavius when i looked online sometimes hes also called Octavian. So i have to wonder , do they all reference Augustus caeser and if so are they all just nicknames or what? Can somone please explain? thank you.

also saying "etc." felt wrong, just didn't quite know how else to put it.

So let’s say that I’m an explorer in 500-is BCE and I want to explore across the oceans for new land masses. I have no idea which direction to go. My ship can only carry so many supplies before I need to restock, which I obviously can’t do in the middle of the goddamn ocean. So how does it work?

How did people with no knowledge of where to go find new land back before pretty much the entire world (excluding the americas) had been discovered

I'm just a beginner who is about to take a course related to the fourth crusade next semester. Recently I've been reading Geoffrey of Villehardouin's The Conquest of Constantinople; in the book Geoffrey mentioned that when the pilgrims besieged the city, king Alexius just ran away although his army outnumbered that of the crusader's. I'm wondering why did he do that? ( the author interpreted this incident as "the miracle of Our Lord".) And what is the actual situation? Did the crusaders just took over the city easily?

Also, as I'm not a Christian and know only a little bit about this field, are there any additional books I can read to acquire more knowledge?

Thank you guys, this is my first reddit post and there might be some format and grammar problems. Sorry about these in advance!

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I've heard references to mock battles during games held in the Colosseum in tribute to historic naval victories, possibly during Julius Caesar's time, but how the hell did that work?? Is it true the stadium was flooded?

Most poor people in the Middle Ages or until early 20th century lived in one room houses or apartments. So, how/when/where did the parents have sex with lots of children living right beside them? Did they just don't care and do it in the same room when they thought the children were asleep? Did they find alone time on the middle of the day? Maybe outside their house?

Also, indigenous people also live/lived in one room tents. What about them?

When studying the industrial revolution, I often hear about visual art and literature, but it seems musicianship is often ignored or considered a separate subject, especially when referring to folk musicians. How did music evolve throughout the industrial revolution, notably folk music? What effect did the revolution have on musicians? How did music education exist and evolve during this time? How did young musicians start as opposed to earlier traditions?

Taking into consideration Hitler's less than ideal relationships with professional military elite and ultimate fate of Kaiserliche Marine (including Kiel mutinies that contributed to downfall of German monarchy), it's surprising how traditional these names remained. Why didn't Nazis name some of their warships with greater emphasis on Nazi ideology and after some prominent figures of their party mythology? Soviets, for example, named some of their most powerful WW2 surface combatants after high-ranked Communists, many of whom were still alive and kicking (the whole Kirov class). I suppose that names of larger Kriegsmarine ships are well known. I checked the names of all named German destroyers, and all their namesakes are mostly dead Kaiserliche Marine heroes of WWI, there are no National-Socialists.

Also, who and why decided that destroyers don't deserve names, starting from Z23?

Can it be the same sentiment that led to renaming of Deutschland to Lutzow? So that loss of the ship wouldn't taint reputation of its Nazi namesake and demoralize people and the party? Or did Hitler decide to appease the naval caste rather than make a show of force and build a new tradition? And destroyers - were they considered expendables?

As a German living near Schaffhausen I always wondered how is it not German, there is even a small I clave inside it which belongs to Germany and majority of the people living here speak regular German not Swiss German. If anybody could explain as on Internet it is quite vague....

So I was looking up on the 30 years War and the 80 years War and what seemed to be the case is that both Spain and Austria seemed to have major problems with paying their soldiers. And yet when we look at Protestant armies like the Dutch, the English, the danish and the Swedish it seems like they don’t have any financial problem whatsoever. Why is this the case?

So as the question asks, 1. Are Donkey Shows real and 2. if not then how the heck did the myth of such an event or events come to be? I'm not going to describe a Donkey Show here, google it if you're interested.

I know the European powers first brought back animals and plants but I can't find records of some of the first exsperiences of bringing Native people back to Europe. I wonder what this massive culture shock would be like.

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New Jersey is the most densely populated state in the US and has 8.8 million residents, but it has no traditional big cities - the largest is Newark, with 277,000 people.

How did that happen?

I'm looking for recommendations for books on the Spanish Empire. I'd prefer one that focuses more on how it was structured and functioned rather than on a broad history of events. Thank you!

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