I apologize the question isn’t more specific but I heard this in a video about the Roman Republic as an offhand remark. Is there any truth to this claim?

So this weekend I got to be in a wedding hosted at a beautiful historical estate in South Eastern PA. There were lots of trails around and me and some friends walked around, we came upon an old stone with something etched into it but it was to weathered to read. I asked someone who worked at the estate and they said that, that particular stone and others like it had been used to line the road to Philadelphia and tell travelers how far they were from the city. So my question is other then stone markers, what kind of things would travelers expect to see during colonial times, other then natural landmarks that would help them find their way? And was there any sort of formal system to place objects to help direct travelers?

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It seems that a lot of attention is given to the British colony, but I can’t find much on Spanish attempts of permanent colonies. Also why were they focused more on Central and South America?

This is because Ney had charged at British impenetrable squares 6 consecutive times, which depleted Napoleon's Cavalry reserve.

For example, how did George Washington know where to find the British to fight them?

If so, and even if not, what percentage of the world died during this revolt? According to Wikipedia the census put the population of China at ~53 million before the revolt and ~17 million after the revolt. Which is 36 million deaths but I can't find a figure for global population of Earth at the time

Just seems a strange resource for England to have dominated considering everyone had sheep, so what was stopping the rest of Europe just making their own wool?

The argument generally is: He lived in Portugal. He was married with a portuguese woman. All the proof he was Italian or genoese is said to be very speculative.

I know this seems odd, given our access to mirrors everywhere; but did the average person in history know what they looked like? Were mirrors non-existent in the lives of most people? Just special occasions? Only when the water was calm?

I was trying to find photos but no luck

If they’re going to go out of their way to commit genocide in an effort to show the world and Germany that they were doing good, that they were cleansing evil, why would they hide it? If they thought such killings were wrong and should be played down, why did they do it at all? Do note I have no wish to deny the Holocaust or dispute its significance, I just don’t understand the motivation.

The Apollo program employed hundreds of engineers and scientists to develop the Saturn rockets and Apollo program in general, yet how come its portrayed as if Wernher von Braun was the one who designed everything? Like if he designed everything, then whats the point of all those hundreds of engineers and scientists? What did Wernher von Braun do exactly for the Apollo program? To give an example, many people claim that the Falcon 9 rockets are Elon Musk's design, yet he employs hundreds of people in order design them. So exactly how much did Wernher von Braun contribute to the Apollo program?

I’ve heard the claims, that he raped and pillaged. He fed Native American babies to dogs. I don’t necessarily doubt these things, but where are the primary sources? How do we know these things? Also, I feel like a lot of what the Catholic Church was doing at the time gets attributed to Columbus. For example, was it him that decided we have rights to any lands not colonized by Christians, or the Church? Or his government?

I know Columbus’s journals have some oft cited quotes that I think are taken out of context a times.

Thanks!

I can see them having little choice in the matter during their enslavement but was there any serious attempt to move African-American Culture away from Christianity post-Civil War?

I know the british had a monopoly over the tobacco trade in the region, but why was it never invaded by the British or the French or another colonial power and made an actual colony?

From my understanding it is somewhat contested, I'm simply curious if there is a historical consensus on whether or not it was the Nazi party who started the fire.