Which are the best books to study about the history of the Mughal Empire in India?

is it really a direct outcome of global warming and directly our fault or can it just occur and has it been happening long before humans existed? this came about watching one form in the congo nowhere near civilisation or anything that could’ve caused it.

In the film 300 we see some Arcadians (or Atheneans I dont remember) joining Leonidas and his army (of 300) against the persians. Greek cities were more or less like independant countries, but what about the military? Was there a Greek Army or each city had an army? Was there like some sort of Greek NATO?

Earth's spherical shape is possible because of gravity, but the idea of Earth being a sphere has been around longer than gravity. How did people who lived before the discovery of gravity justify Earth being a sphere?

Hello everyone. I just completed my master’s in history and I want to take my academic career further ahead by doing a PhD. Can anyone provide me with guidance and information regarding doing a PhD with fellowship in prestigious institutions? Like the application process to various universities , the selection process, eligibility criteria and so on. Thanks!

Obviously there was a lot of similarities between Swedes, Danes, and Norwegians during the Viking age; things such as language, material culture, and sea-faring abilities. What would be some of the differences between these groups though? Does the archaeological or literary record show that certain weapons, clothing, or food sources were preferred in specific areas? Aside from slight differences in language, I presume that peoples of this time could tell each other apart, even if foreigners referred to them all as “Danes” or “northmen,” so, what might be some ways that the people of Scandinavia would tell each other apart?

I have read a few stories of generals, engineers, or other people famous in Poland and Hungary around the same period but Bem Jozsef seems to be the most prominent. Basically a Hungarian or Pole flees to the Ottoman Empire, adopts Islam, and does something like become a Governor, lead the Sultan's guard, or somesuch.

The one thing I don't fully understand is what motivated them to do this? Why wouldn't they have moved west towards the Italian states to be "closer to Catholicism"? With religion being a very strong identifier, the idea of someone like the general of a revolutionary army coming to the Ottoman doorstep not running into questions/scrutiny seems odd to me. Do we know what led to him becoming governor of Aleppo ? Did others follow a similar path?

The passage in question:

"[his] breath became the wind and the clouds; his voice became the thunder; his left eye became the sun, and his right the moon; his four limbs and five torsos became the four poles and the five mountains; his blood became the rivers; his sinews became geographic features; his muscles became the soils in the field; his hair and beard became stars and planets; his skin and its hairs became grasses and trees; his teeth and bones became bronzes and jades; his essence and marrow became pearls and gemstones; his sweat became rain and lakes; and the various worms in his body, touched by the wind, became the black-haired commoners."

Cited from "A Cambridge History of Ancient China". He compares it to Indian myths regarding the caste system and claims "Perhaps only an elite as sublimely superior as China’s could have assigned to their raven-haired countrymen an origin so abject."

The implicit claim, with his usage of the term even for the Qin period, seems to be that this "elite" was not "black-haired", thus presumably caucasoid to the extent of having colored hair? This seems very far-fetched and "out there" considering the records we have don't mention light-haired eyes or hair often, if at all. Is this a case of severe mistranslation or is there anything to this?

Other passages: "While members of the ruling clans frequented the great buildings whose pounded earth foundations testify to ambitious architecture and gracious living, the ‘black-haired commoners’ lived in covered pits, used crude clay utensils, and laboured in the fields with Stone Age tools of wood and flint. "

"However demanding and intrusive, Qin rule was not indifferent to the welfare of the ‘black-haired commoners’; on the docility of the masses depended their mass mobilisation."

"Liu Bang (Han Gaozu) had risen from among the ranks of the ‘black-haired commoners’ to become emperor of all China"

That is, was it actually not known among the gay community that HIV/AIDS was spread through sex (and thus could be mitigated by a condom)? Or was it more negligence, a-la masking today? Did people disagree/push back against that advice? Thank you.

I have to imagine by the time satellites become available we had already gotten exceptionally talented at how we created maps such that very little revisions were needed to existing maps. I know coastlines change over time, but besides dynamic things, were their any major consequences of satellites in what we knew about the worlds topography at that time?

Were there any major discoveries made with satellites, like did we find any new big islands that had escaped mariners until then? Was there anything we had gotten horribly wrong until we saw satellite images?

In the most general terms, what are some good history books on Satan would you recommend?

I have been writing an essay for some schoolwork assessing the failure that was the intervention in Afghanistan, answering the question 'Why did the Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan fail?'.

The idea of this assignment is to encourage independent research. However, I have run into a wall regarding sources. The lion's share of my information has been drawn from 'Afgantsy: the Russians in Afghanistan 1979-89', and that is reflected in the citations (16 out of 20 citations are from Afgantsy). Are there any other similarly comprehensive articles or journals about the topic?

According to Wikipedia, Julius Caesar was born on July 12, 100BC. From the same source, the French king Charlemagne died on 18 January 814. How accurate are historical date in general?

The Gregorian calendar was introduced in 1582. Is it not a problem to determine calendar earlier date?

Charles V had personal lands in the lowlands in addition to his Spanish titles and imperial title but that meant that when he abdicated and split his titles up, his brother became emperor while his son became king And that same son gained the lowlands within the Empire. Such is feudal governance.

But in that century between Charles V and the Dutch war for independence, did the Emperors officially recognize that imperial overlordship was gone in favor of the Spanish Crown?

Was there a chance of removing Spanish control but remaining within the Empire? Or was complete separation from any & all the goal?

I was reading aa version of the Hebrew Bible with extensive commentary and I noticed during the section on animal sacrificed it mentioned that two lambs a day would be sacrificed at the Tabernacle. If this number is accurate (which it might not be, since the number of people was apparently very inflated), how did the priesthood have such a large supply of lambs? If you do the math, sheep only have one or two offspring at a time so you would have to have a very large herd to be able to sacrifice two a day and maintain the population.

I’ve been wanting to do a deep-dive into Roman history and I was wondering what those of you who have done it recommend? I’m looking to get really into the weeds, 10-15+ books if necessary. I’m not entirely sure where to start but I hope to build a large collection of texts and knowledge regarding Ancient Rome. I’ve done quite a bit of searching but there is quite a lot of convolution in regards to how much content is really out there. I’m really looking to design a learning schedule, so I would start with the Legend of Rumulus and I suppose I would stop somewhere around the Holy Roman Empire Era, but I need help organizing the literature by chronological order. I was looking to do the same with Ancient Greece but i have a greater fascination with Ancient Rome. I have read “A history of Rome” but I want much more info!! Has anyone else accomplished this outside of a formal university setting?

While all regions of Germany were going through a lot, Bavaria in particular seems to stand out as having a lot of extreme movements, in particular both a Bavarian Soviet Republic and of course the attempted Beer Hall Putsch by the Nazis. Why is this? How did Bavaria of all places in Germany manage to get both radical far-left and far-right movements that attempted to seize power? What made Bavaria particularly unique in the post war era

(Of course this could be hindsight talking, and that other regions had just as many extremist groups who made the attempt to seize power. Definitely let me know if Bavaria was not actually that unique during the Weimar Republic)