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Why did pavise, shield and wooden walls never evolve to keep in time with bows, crossbows and muskets?

Jews had not fought a single war as a cohesive people over the course of the diaspora period, excluding the Himyarites and such, and as I understand it, Jews were mostly either barred or disinterested from attending the military academies of European nations. The foundation, organization, and functioning of an effective modern army requires a great deal of specialized knowledge and education, and although the fledgling State of Israel could surely draw upon a decently sized pool of experienced soldiers, how did they find the human capital required to hold together an effective fighting force without running into the amateur ineptitudes frequently seen in armies with untrained leadership?

Always had an interest in both the Falklands conflict and the troubles. Since the IRA and the Argentineans were both against Britain I’m sure the IRA supported the Argentineans, but I’ve never heard about it.

There are tons of stories of men on the Early American Frontier who were capable of impressive feats of accuracy. A lot of this seems to be associated with folklore heroes like Daniel Boone or Davy Crocket. How much is myth and how much is fact? Are there any reliable sources for these stories of men shooting enemies from several hundred yards away?

I've been reading Bernal Díaz Del Castillo's "The True History of the Conquest of New Spain," and noticed that he describes the Tlaxcalan armies that initially fight the Spaniards as numbering 40,000 and 50,000 warriors, against only about 400 Spaniards. Bernal Díaz gives some explanation of how they were able to defeat a force 100 times larger, but I still have to ask; are the numbers he gives considered credible by modern historians?

As far as I can understand, tribes in Classical Antiquity are individuated in ethnocultural lines. But what about geographical expanse, population size and number of settlements? Would "tribes" of a thousand people be worthy of mention? Were all tribes coalitions of settlements?

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I was thinking about this today. Originally I was thinking about how much 30 pieces of silver would have been worth back in those days, but then I realized there's no way to do a direct comparison because of technological and economic changes. Then I started thinking about the "Big Mac Index" which compares cost of living by the price of a Big Mac in various places.

Given that cheese burgers didn't exist, it's kind of ridiculous to think about. But that got me thinking - would a typical Roman citizen have been able to buy beef, some means of grinding it to make hamburger, a griddle of some sort, cheese, lettuce, pickles, mustard, onions, and a sesame seed bun? I have excluded special sauce and tomatoes because tomatoes weren't in Europe back then and Mayonnaise wasn't invented yet.

Edit: title should be Operation Typhoon, not Barbarossa

To me both seem to have been on the wrong side of history when it comes to their main ideologies. Why is one who fought for slavery viewed positively throughout history in the Southern United States while no mainstream German culture wants to be tied to Nazism for their heritage or identity?

I am currently doing research for a podcast on the Viking age, and I half-remember hearing a story about linguists attempting to translate what appeared to be a form of runic inscription that did not fit any modern understanding of the script or language.

As my recollection goes, it turned out after some scholarly debate that it was in fact the result of natural forces on the rock that had been misinterpreted.

Does anyone know if there is any truth to this story or is it something I dreamt up?

Is there somewhere else I should redirect my question?

Cheers!

I'm thinking particularly of the 18th and early 19th centuries, when the flintlock and bayonet had completely replaced hand to hand weapons for infantry. How were boarding parties armed, and how did they use their weapons?

So the title leaves it open for a huge range of answers, so let me barrow it down a little.

Let's say a 15th Century village in Germany. What I am really interested in knowing is would it have had defences, walls etc? What would the population of been, and how densely packed would they have been (like would houses have been in rows or scattered). And finally what would have been the prominent buildings there? Would every village have a blacksmith, church, etc?

Hope this can be answered, thanks guys.

Considering China was completely devastated by WWII and the civil war and that, as far as I know, both the Kuomintang and the Communists were technologically inferior to the Japanese, how were they able to modernise enough in a few years to push back the Americans in the Korean War?