Let me explain:the concept of going to 2 digits is weird to me: how it was decided that after 9 which is 1 digit, to 10 then 11 which are 2?

There is kind of the same thing in ancient Hebrew where the letter י marks 10,and the letter א marks 1,so 11 is יא If the answer is so obvious please be patient and explain, I'm just curious :)

I've been reading Herodotus recently and it got me wondering how so many ancient texts survived through the centuries.

Of course the Eastern Roman Empire didn't collapse until 1453 but did this play a role in protecting a lot of documents that would otherwise have been lost?

If not then how did these texts survive?

I'd be interested in hearing if there were any libraries or academics in the Eastern Roman Empire that helped to preserve these texts into the Medieval period.

I was reading about Caesar’s conquest of the Celts in Gaul. At the time, I believe, Ireland was mostly uninhabited. So, I assume that these are the same Celts who immigrated there. However, I’m not sure and wanted to ask an expert.

I understand that Agricola, the Roman governor of Britain, is said to have employed a Celtic chieftain — Túathal Techtmar in Irish myth — who later conquered Ireland.

There are, of course, many examples of evil and depravity in history, but which examples would have been the most widely known? I imagine that different examples would be well known in different regions, and that the global infamy of the Nazis has a lot to do with the global information environment that arose in the 20th century. I'd love to learn about any examples from any era and any place!

Light cruisers seem to have a clear purpose in fleet design but I'm struggling to understand what heavy cruisers role was meant to be other than to hunt & sink light cruisers.

Also assuming this was a somewhat common practice to not allow caravans and traders passed a certain point, did that encourage some traders to “smuggle” their wares through a place to sell it themselves elsewhere?

Edit: not in Japan specifically, but anywhere in the world.

In combat with the enemy ofcorse. I always read about carriers getting hit by enemy planes or submarines. But I can't recall any instance of an enemy surface fleet getting an opportunity to directly engage a carrier in traditional naval warfare.

I am looking for reliable books to study concerning Abraham Lincoln and his presidency. I'm deeply interested in him and how he handled himself and the American Civil War.

O’Neill had a long career in the congress and rose to rank of speaker of the house. I know that most speakers don’t become President (Polk is the only man to serve as speaker and president so far) but I assume many speakers wish they could get elected President. Is there a historical consensus on why O’Neill never made the attempt?

I tried googling various phrases in search of the supposed legend, but could find no source for these claims. All I found were countless flower store articles repeating the same thing while explaining the symbolism of daisies. So, is there actually a legit story or legend behind this? Or is it just a false statement being repeated uncritically, for the sake of marketing?

Thank you so much to whoever answers; let’s just say I have personal reasons for being invested in the truth of this.

For example, let's say you find a letter from Archimedes written in 250 BCE Greece about some new math discovery he's made. If you don't understand Greek at all, you now need to find someone who is not just fluent in Greek, but fluent in Greek from 250 BCE and can contextualize whatever math stuff he's written about. That seems like such a niche person to find, I feel like that'd be like finding a needle in a hay stack. How do people actually go about finding the people they need to translate these kinds of documents?

So i grew up in the town of tower Minnesota, a small mining town in st Louis County in Minnesota located of the mesabi iron range. When the town was founded it was a fairly major town as it was tied to another town right next door called soudan (breitung township) which was home to a successful underground iron mine called the soudan underground mine. The two towns are technically separate but due to proximity and history (tower was apperently the town where all the businesses and alot of miners lived while soudan was considered on mining company land and wasn't allowed to have any businesses but had some people live there) the towns are kindof considered to be packaged together by most of us living here if that makes sense. We have a local historical society and as a kid my school interacted with them alot. At one point one of the historians there had told me that our town of tower and soudan had been considered as an option to be the state capitol of Minnesota instead of st paul because for a time the town was really successful from the mining industry. He provided more details but it was quite a while ago and I don't remember or didn't get all the details of why we were considered or why we didn't get chosen, I was young at the time and so I don't remember all the context he gave us but the fact always stuck with me since. I recently started doing some research Into it for an alternate history project I'm working on but I don't seem to be able to find anything that confirms the story I had been told growing up. In fact everything I've found seems to indicate that I may have been given false information. I was told that the town of tower was almost chosen as the state capitol, but the problem is the town of tower wasn't founded until the 1880s whereas Minnesota became a state in the 1850s and st paul was named the capitol since then, and from what I could tell from simple Google and Wikipedia st paul had been the capitol of the territory of Minnesota even before it was a state. I'm worried I was lied to or given false information but I don't want to immediately write it off because Maybe at some point the state was considering moving the capital or something (I don't know of that can happen) but I don't seem to be able to find anything else. Even though I'm doing this research for something involving alternate history I'm not asking for what ifs or what it would be like or anything like that. I need help because I was told one thing while growing up but I now have doubts about the historical "fact" I had held with me all these years. I'm not asking what if it happened, I need to know if there was ever a point where my small mining town had actually been in the consideration as a spot for the state capitol?

Opium used to be THE drug that everyone took in the Victorian era, at least, as far as I can tell. Yet, nowadays, it's fallen into obscurity. What caused this shift?

In Herodotus, the following piqued my interest:

They say that when the herald had delivered this message, Cyrus questioned the Hellenes who were with him, asking them who were these Lacedaemonians who would send such a command to him, and how many of them were there. When he heard their response, he said to the Spartan herald, "I have never yet feared any men who have a place at the center of the city set aside for meeting together, swearing false oaths, and cheating one another, and if I live long enough, the Lacedaemonians will have troubles of their own about which to converse, rather than those of the Ionians." Cyrus thus insulted the Hellenese because of their custom of setting up agoras in their cities for the purpose of buying and selling, which is unknown among the Persians, who do not use markets and, indeed, have no such place as an agora in any of their cities.

Did the Persians have a command economy? Was produce and food distributed by the state? I know they had money since I've seen it. Were individuals permitted to own any?