I am aware that they changed the training to be a lot faster during the war as the need for more pilots increased, so I am interested in both how the training was before this and also during this period of change ie what they decided to drop from the training, what they kept, hours needed to clock in planes etc. Any info or sources I could go to for very detailed information about training would be helpful, not just in the planes but also what subjects were studied in classrooms, hours/days a week studied etc. Looking for as much information as possible and generally looking at just before WWII and in the beginning of it, less so at the end, but anything is helpful.

The average USSR student was notorious for being strong at math, how did this come to be when as late as 1920 most had an elementary school education?

I have heard that Kolmogorov instituted a system to accomplish this that later spread to China, if this is accurate, I'd specifically like to learn more about said process

Thank you

EDIT: To clarify my original question, I'm less asking about quantity, I'm more asking about quality. How did the USSR create an echelon of math/science students that was a class above places that DID have lots of schools, especially considering that the USSR did not have lots of schools for very long.

I am interested in how they fared against each other, mostly from tactical aspect and how succesful were the tactics of each side against the other. If you know of any battles where they fought please let me know.

I'm writing a fantasy story and am in need of some inspiration, so here goes: What would be expected of a married woman in the middle ages? Especially the wives of kings and lords. What would be expected of her, and what would be her duties? What would a normal day for her look like? I would especially like to know about some of the things that would be seen as negative. Thanks for taking the time to read this :)

I assume that there must have been lots of remnants of the Roman Empire all over western Europe in the dark ages.

I ask this while reading Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt, Toby Wilkinson'

Wilkinson describes the tactics of the Libyan invaders, during the reign of Merenptah in the 19th dynansty, as "heavy infantry deploying close-combat weapons, small round shields and body armour" pg 343. He goes to say that Libyans and sea peoples were essentially the same. Mery the Libyan commander knew Egyptian tactis and vis versa.

We know that Egypt seemed to know who these invaders were already (1077 B.C., Eric Cline). Judging from the description of the infantry and their head on tactics, its soud like a proto-phalanx. This all happening at the same time as Mycenean culture apprently disappeared only to be replaced by Hellenic. Cline even points out revolts possibly overwhelming Mycenean Greece.

Its a multi-faceted question, but:

What is the relationship between Helles and Phonecia?

Wilkinson sources Merenptah's tomb reliefs, is he drawing conclusions purely from images?

Are Phonecia and the Sea Peoples inter-related?

Do Phonecia and the Sea peoples have African origins? (Seeing as Egypt was very familiar with them verses the Hittites)

How much evidence is their of human migration West to East in this period?

Russia is a complex country. I am sick of being told what I should think about Russia and its leadership. I need a historical account. What are some boring, fact-based, non-partisan reading materials that can help one understand the nuances of Post-Soviet Russia?

Hey all. I’m an undergraduate history student, and I plan on going to graduate school once I’ve finished. I want to specialize in either US History, or potentially World History (UC Santa Barbara lists that as one of their specializations). However, I’m wondering how much foreign language training I should have, and in what languages (for either field) before I go into graduate school. Any help would be appreciated.

Also, if anyone could clarify what exactly specializing in world history means, that would be extremely helpful. It seems a little broad for a specialization. Thanks

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I’ve heard about Order No. 227, but I was wondering how often and to what extent the order was used. How many were killed in this manner? In what battles did it happen the most?

Could anyone describe the dynamics of slavery in Pacific Northwest Native Americans? When did the practice officially stop? What specific groups practiced it? Was is similar to chattel slavery or some other form?

I am currently reading the Aubrey/ Maturian novels and was thinking about how things changed as the age of sail ended.

Part of the navies in the age of sail was young boys joining the navy and spending their lives in the Royal Navy. Obviously that had changed.

When did the naval culture change? Were young kids still onboard when HMS Warrior launched? HMS Devastation? HMS Dreadnought?

Hi Historians!  I have a couple of related questions about police work in 17th century Paris, and would welcome insights or book recommendations.

-Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, who became Lieutenant General of Police of Paris starting in 1667, is often credited with creating France's first modern police force.  What did this mean in practical terms? How was La Reynie's approach to police work different from his predecessors', and what specific changes did he make to the police force?

-What did an average day of police work look like? How was the police force organized, what would the police bureaucracy/paperwork have looked like, etc?

-What was the relationship between police and citizens like? How reliable were they considered to be? How did one go about reporting a crime?  What would some common points of friction between police and civilians from various social classes have been?

Thank you!

It seems that every time I read about a Nazi who received a life sentence at Nuremburg, the next sentence is something like, "They were released after serving 5 years." Hess is the only high-ranking Nazi that I can think of that spent more than 20 years in prison.

Is there a known reason for why this happened?

Thanks!

I have a question for all you WWI experts out there. Been reading a lot about the Great War after playing Battlefield I, visiting the National WWI Museum in Kansas City, and listening to Dan Carlin’s Blueprint for Armageddon. My question is:

What was Von Moltke and later Ludendorff’s rationale on sticking to the Schlieffen plan and that “the war could be won in France” with a decisive punch, specially after Great Britain’s entry into the war and the fiasco of the race to the sea and trench warfare? Why didn’t they set up minimal defenses in the West and knock Russia out earlier? Or did they try and I’m missing something? Did they not know GB was allied with Belgium and how that would turn out? I would have taken out Russia’s vastly underprepared and less technologically advanced army first and then dealt with the French. Thoughts?

TL/DR: Why Schlieffen plan even after bogged down in the West?

So like the title says I'm curious about the history of Holocaust Denial. Obviously the history and almost every aspect of the Holocaust has been written in great detail by a huge amount of historians, scientists and many other researchers. But outside of David Irving and some people online I've never been able to find a credible source as to when this started or who started it. I'm sure I could guess why it started in the first place. But that's a different question. Who was the first person to outright deny this event? How did this idea get any form of traction? Who conducted this "research"?

Did these battles look more Napoleonic war style, or were they fast paced tactical developments like WWII?

Both Gaul and Britannia were conqured by the Romans from Celtic tribes that inhabited the region and both regions were invaded by Germanic tribes as the Roman empire declined (Franks, Saxons etc). Why did Britain developed a language that is considered (from my shallow understanding) Germanic and a culture that is often more associated with the Germanic culture while France, another territory occupied by the Romans but later taken over by the Germanic tribes develop a romance language (French) and a culture that is considered Latin?

Thanks for any info!