So one of the things that the Western Roman Empire gets a lot of fame for (among the many other things because many other powers throughout history wanted to replicate the effectiveness of the Roman Empire like Germany, Russia and so on) was its effective and highly disciplined military (which obviously had its own flaws becuase it was mostly focused on infantry but the Romans had the tendency to learn to advance their military throughout time and learned from their own enemies) and most of their military structure and tactics are still studied and replicated today.

Compared to the Western Roman Empire, we also have the Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire, which managed to survive during the Medieval period and to managed to maintain its power, economy and wealth through its trading system as Constantinople was literally like a bridge between Europe and Asia, and also through its own resources as the East was full of them.

Apart from that, Byzantine Empire once managed to conquer most of the Western area of the Europe again until it was conquered by the Christian powers, it managed to defend itself from countless enemies like the Turks and the Slavs and even the Crusaders (becuase apparently, in the Fourth Crusades, the Crusaders wanted to vent off their frustration and anger because they were in debt, to the Byzantine Empire which resulted in a large loss of land)

(And the Byzmatine empire managed to have its own technological advancements like better structured legal systems that were designed by the Roman Empire, the Greek fire and so on)

And very slowly, the Byzantine Empire started to lost most of its land (although it managed to stay in power and managed to keep its influence in the Medieval period for a while longer) until it feel in the year 1453.

While it may appear that the Byzantine Empire did not have an effective military like the Western Roman Empire did becuase it lost most of its land as time went on while the Western side managed to retain its lands and its borders for a while longer than the Eastern side, it still managed to defend itself from countless enemies as it was literally surrounded by them and yet, the Byzantine Empire managed to prevail for at least a 1000 more years after the Western Roman Empire fell.

So how effective was the Byzantine empire's military and how come the Byzatine empire does not get that much attention, whether in the historical/archeological community or in the general population?

Me and my friend had an argument about if women actually fought in WW2, or if the just helped make tanks and ammunition. Thank you!

• Ra/Apollo/Sol
• Horus/Mars/Ares
• Minerva/Athena/
• Zeus/Jupiter/Varja
• Hercules/Krishna
• Aphrodite/Hathor/Venus

Did the greeks assume these similar or identical gods and heroes were the result of cultural appropriation, or was the assumption that the one-true set of gods just traveled the world and so all cultures had seen them? Any other scenarios the ancients discussed regarding these obvious similarities?

Im studying this for some coursework and just want to see others opinions. I personally believe that hysteria related to religious beliefs and supression is to blame where as some people believe it was lust for power that caused people to accuse each other.

Was reading up on the USS Iowa and came across this quote:

Iowa completed her presidential escort mission on 16 December by returning the President to the United States.[7] Roosevelt addressed the crew of Iowa prior to leaving by stating, "... from all I have seen and all I have heard, the Iowa is a 'happy ship,' and having served with the Navy for many years, I know—and you know—what that means."

What is he inferring?

I really like this documentary, esp the episodes about Stalingrad and Leningrad but I was wondering what historians think about it. Knowing that the documentary was made in the early 70s maybe a lot of viewpoints have changed or became more nuanced.

I'm in sunny Spain on holiday and whilst at the beach I realised I didn't put enough sun cream on; its bloody hot and I can feel my skin burning like bacon in a pan. Then I realised, no matter where you go in the world, if the sun has got his hat on, people will flock to the beach for a swim and a tan. Or in my case, a nice spot of sunburn.

This is purely a modern invention? Or have some cultures been doing it for centuries?

The specific sentence in Old English is: "Ne stent nan oðer lad æt tihtlan bute ordal betweox Wealan [and] Ænglan, bute man ðafian wille."

Any secondary literature relevant to this would be very much appreciated!

edit: I realize I've misspelled Dunsaete and cannot edit the title - whoops!

Assuming classical music as music from the classical period composed between about 1750 to 1820, what was the reaction to lyrical composers during the later impressionist period who combined poetry and lyrics with music of that time?

I can't help but wonder whether veterans of the Wehrmacht faced social stigma from the GDR administration, both on the principle of having fought for Nazism and for the enormous prevalence of atrocities among German forces in the East (after all, thinking about a veteran's claim is surely different if there's about an 80% chance they're a war criminal, right?). Did these questions shape their access to services?

I know embarrassingly little about the day to day administrative functions of the GDR and its economy, so I may be thinking about this in entirely the wrong framework.

I have heard dozens of explanations from as many sources, and even a decent google search gave me mixed information. How did they do it?

Forgive my ignorance. I’ve just become interested in the run up to the US Civil War. I just wondered, why did Lincoln and others have such fervour for preserving the Union at any cost? Was it not intended to be a union of freely associated states which meant that states could choose to withdraw if they wished?

Edit: I should say, of course abolition of slavery was something to fight for, but Lincoln seemed motivated by other factors as well, in fighting for the integrity of the Union? He was not originally wanting to force the abolition of slavery in the South, as wasn’t a Radical Republican - and considered the risk to the Union too great to attempt that? (I’m not sure why my question was downvoted, either?)

Can anybody hear explain to me how Romanian became to be considered a Romance language? I totally understand that the area was at one point a part of the Empire, but wasn’t Greek later the Preferred language of the east?

Not to mention the heavy Slavic and Ottoman influences of later eras, what caused the isolation of that area allowing Romanian as a derivative of Latin?

I am interested in understanding Soviet Union during the time after its creation and consolidation to somewhere around the great terror. I have read couple of books about Soviet history but they all go over this period in couple of pages. It would be very helpful if somebody has any recommendation to what should I read

English is not my native language so i am not sure if my questions are clear.
I would like to know more about witch hunts on this period of Europe, specifically the origins and the people that partook on them.

Everyone has studied shakespeare at some point in their life, whether it be school or own interest, but did Shakespeare have as profound of an effect on society at the time as he does today? Did students study his literature at their schools?

Title says it all.