What do we know about early warfare power and land?

My knowledge of the American civil war is close to zero. I’ve read some popular articles and I watched Steven Spielberg’s Lincoln. He seemed to be certain that the rule of law must be followed, and that there cannot be a Confederacy and a USA because the law doesn’t allow for any such thing. But did anyone close to him call for letting the confederacy go?

I've just been thinking about the moralistic undertones of Capitalism (pull yourself up by your bootstraps--- the deserving capitalist) and it's relations to the protestantism work ethic.

Did the rest of the world see this as a big deal (considering that is seems like it was a massive power grab in a big country) or did no one care about India during the 1970s?

Churchill's drinking is fairly legendary and sometimes difficult to separate fact from myth. I have seen numerous anecdotes that friends and acquaintances felt alarm at his drinking (Rothermere tried to bet him to quit). But i havnt seen anything from people like Brooke, Ismay or his various secretaries. Is there any documentation that illustrates the effect of his drinking or records the concerns or mitigation from his team?

Did the vikings encountered any army who defeated them?

We also see this difference with the second person plural - the distinction between you and “y’all” is largely informal and confined to the American South.

Edit: As pointed out below, “most European languages” or “all other Germanic languages” is a more correct statement; nonetheless the question stands.

How did medieval blacksmiths make carbon steel, and add carbon into the steel?

Has modern methods changed much since medieval times?

Furthermore, how much more effective was carbon steel armour over iron armour, and iron armour over bronze armour?

Thanks!

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It seems that, despite being literate before anyone else, the ancient civilizations of Egypt and the Fertile Crescent left behind very little in terms of literature compared to the Greco-Romans, Indians, Chinese, etc. We mostly have dry records, some religious texts, manuals, etc. from the pre-hellenistic Mideast, the Old Testament being a remarkable exception in terms of its scope. Or is this an erroneous impression?

10 May 1940 was the day that the phony war ended, but when between then and 26 May did the retreat formally begin to Calais and eventually Dunkirk?

If pilot from WWI left the Royal Air force in 1919 and then tried to rejoin during the Biltz how much of their knowledge of Biplanes would transfer to the new Spitfires? Were there air reservists from that far back?

I read that William had 300 knights that were direct vassals under him. Even if each knight brought 6 friends thats only an army of 1800 men. So how did he raise around 8000-10,000 soldiers?

Also bonus question what was the population of Normandy during this period? I cant find information on this anywhere.

I have been learning about Henry VIII as part of my history course, and one thing that has attracted my curiosity whilst reading up on Henry's marriages is the question of how people alive at the time would have reacted to Henry's turbulent love life.

A bit of research has yielded that there was a common perception that Anne was a seducer who had led Henry away from a marriage with the virtuous Catherine of Aragon, but I'm more interested in how contemporaries viewed Henry himself for the 6 marriages. Was it seen as excessive on his part or understandable in the circumstances? Were there differences in how it was perceived between the nobility and peasantry? Was anyone critical of him for his number of marriages?

Thanks!

I can never find an explanation. I hear about the ice ages and human hunting but those also happened in the Old World.