To expand, Goldsworthy argues that there was little to no sense of patriotism among Rome's leading citizens, nor any devotion to ideology. Instead, the author makes his case that the Republic's senators and magistrates sought only to increase their personal authoritas by any means necessary, including the frequent making and breaking of political alliances. Is his argument that Romans held no allegiances to anything beyond themselves and their personal glory valid?

All years before 0 are referred to as BCE, or before common era, but since there hadn't been a common era yet, how did people before the year 0 keep dates? Or did they at all?

I apologize for how poorly worded this is, and it's probably a dumb question XD

It seems that the right of a group of people not to be forced out of their homes through intimidation, starvation, violence, rape, or other means, should be considered a basic right included in the concept of human rights defended by the UN. However, the UN does not consider these actions a violation of international law as long as they do not reach the level of genocide. How was this decision reached? I know the term "ethnic cleansing" was not coined until well after the UN Charter, but was this known by another name before then?

Hi all,

I've been looking around for a few days, trying to find a list of members of the House Judiciary Committee of the 81st Congress, to no avail. Tried Wikipedia, found the chairmen, but other than that no luck. Any ideas? Thanks!

the biggest advantage I see from a papal coronation is the ability to choose successors or was this law altered at any time after Charles V

• maybe they didnt want the protestant princes to feel alienated ? shouldn't have been a problem after peace of Westphalia since Cuius regio, eius religio

• easier to bribe/influence electors than pope ? they already had bohemian vote. it would be easier to get the three catholic bishoprics votes given that habsburgs were always mostly catholic. I dont know if any of the three bishoprics turned protestant afterwards

• would it have been difficult to influence the Pope becuse of house medici(3 popes + papal bankers + two queen regents of france ) who were closer to france than austria

• Popes influence decreased since the reformation and they didnt just care that much about the pope?

point out any mistakes i made in my assumptions

Specifically what is known bout homosexuality and transgendered people’s and beliefs amongst Pre-Columbia Native American groups whether they be the various tribes or groups such as the Mayan, Aztecs, etc?

Hope the phrasing makes sense. I sometimes find it hard to ask stuff.

I'm writing a fantasy story and the main character, a young woman, must defend her farm from bandits when her brothers are conscripted. One of them left her a crossbow from a previous battle he fought in. My question is, what sort of armor, and at what range, would a standard medieval crossbow be effective at?

The crossbow is one that can be loaded by hand (without a crank) and light enough to carry. If she were to shoot a bandit in chain mail, at say, 30 meters, would she likely be able to incapacitate him? Or would she need to be much closer? What about a breastplate? What about leather? Thank you for any insight you can provide. I ask here because wikipedia and youtube have many conflicting accounts.

For example the Mughals? The Delhi Sultanate?

Dear sweet beloved Reddit,

I am currently working on a book length project comparing the lived costs and boons of Red & Blue economic policy. I'm having an extraordinarily difficult time finding historical foreclosure statistics, which is really surprising, given how important foreclosures were to recent American history. You'd think many people were looking for these patterns, no?

Does anyone have any insight into where these statistics are kept, or any knowledge about the history of foreclosures in the US across the last 100 years?

Thank you. I would kiss you, if I wasn't an anonymous account.

I've read a tiny bit about the emigration and expulsion of Germans in the 20th century, but what about before then?
Where there any (unofficial) enclaves of Germanic people or were they more smoothly integrated? or?

The original Constitution of the United States was drafted over a period of time. It's pretty easy to find the September 17th, 1787 version, but can I find any of the earlier drafts to find out who wrote what and when?

I found the statements below in my logic textbook. To me, they sound absurd. Surely, there was information and important schools of thought outside of Enlightenment Europe. What historical evidence (if any) is there to support a counterclaim, that in fact, Leibniz was not a true know it all.

I included a second claim from the book that suggests Leibniz understood the "relation between soul and body". Are claims like this still common in academic circles? Is it fair to say, these claims are Eurocentric? Was Leibniz's philosophy even widely accepted in his own time?

"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a polymath who knew virtually everything that could be known at the time about nearly every area of intellectual endeavor." followed by "in metaphysics he created the famous theory of monads which, among other things, explained the relation between the soul and the body.

Hurley, Patrick J.. A Concise Introduction to Logic (Page 324). Wadsworth Publishing. Kindle Edition.

Many modern sources of vampire mythology such as world of darkness or queen of the damned reference an ancient Egyptian vampire mythology. Is this just a quirk of literature?

I have heard of Chinese vampires (I believe they were called something similar to Jin or jumping vampires) but what of Egypt?

Are there any texts that have a fantastical blood sucking man/woman beast? What resources can I use for further reading?

I'm doing an assignment that requires me to write a non-biased timeline of the scandal. I feel like Nixon was slightly unfairly represented during the process- as in much of the blame went to him (or at least in the msm) for meticulously micromanaging the initial break-in because he was a "very evil man". Yes, I do believe there was an abuse of presidential power somewhere in there, (and should be held accountable for such), but I'm not sure if we should look at it as Nixon did all of this deliberately and meticulously as commonly believed. If anyone can clear up these misconceptions, that would be great! Thanks!

In discussion on the U.S. Civil War, I often find myself wondering what Lincoln (as far as his plans) and Johnson could've done differently with regards to reconstruction. I'm not interested in a purely economical take because, though I feel the south has likely lagged behind (feel free to show me otherwise) in terms of sustainable economic growth, the larger issue has always been social reintegration.

Some people seem to argue that the federal government should have been much more strict in its punishment of Confederate leadership, or even argue that there should have been mass re-education programs, but I think there's plenty of historical precedence that harsh punishment can severely disadvantage multiple generations in a given place. I mean, the Allies specifically avoided prosecuting a lot of prominent Nazis at the end of WWII with this in mind, and it seems to have been an effective strategy. Is that only the case because of the looming threat of the Soviet Union, and the mass-suicides of many Nazis? Or is it more complicated and entwined in the particular sets of beliefs held by both?

I understand that 19th century white southerners, and even a lot of academia believed that blacks were somehow scientifically beneath whites, or literally inferior by "the word of God", but generally Nazis seemed to hold similar views on whomever they deemed inferior.

P.S. What are some of the most successful instances of the reconstruction and reintegration of "conquered" peoples?

What did most people think about terrorist attacks (like bombing the King David hotel, destroying bridges, sending letter bombs to British cabinet members, assasinating a British Lord Moyne, or leaving a bomb in a baby carriage to a British general) by Zionists like the Stern Gang, the Irgun, Hagenah? These groups represent a small part of the population, but what level of support did they have in the general Jewish population in Palestine and abroad?

Thank you for your time and insight into this aspect of history.