When it comes to 18th century British weapons, the word “pattern” comes up a lot. For example, the Brown Bess is officially designated as the Land Pattern musket, and the Baker rifle is the 1800 Pattern. It’s the same for swords too, like in the heavy and light variants of the 1796 Pattern Saber. What does “pattern” mean in this context?

The idea of the Gauls and other "Barbarians" fighting in a chaothic mess doesn't make that much of a sense to me.

For starters, that would have meant a huuuuuge loss of human lives, even if you were victorious. You also find cultures less "civilized" like the Zulus that were fighting in complex formations, so it would be weird that the Gauls were an exception.

Beginning with the mid-1960's, figures in the counterculture (from the Beatles to Jerry Rubin) began growing their hair and beards out. How and why was this settled on as a symbol of the hippie subculture and the counterculture more broadly?

Also, by the mid-to-late 70's, the long hair and full beards appear to be the dominant fashion. How did this catch on so quickly and what was the reaction to it by the older generations who had been so opposed to the counterculture?

If they thought that "Alpine" and "Mediterranean" whites were inferior why have such a raging hard on for Rome and Greece? Wouldn't German and Scandinavian culture be the only appropriate template for the kind of "lost purity" they were looking for?

hello Askhitorian, for the school I would like to make a thesis about the changes made by the gunpowder to the medieval and modern society both politically , economically and socially, any book or site on the subject ? Thank you very much

My question is this is the USA the only colony of the British Empire to gain independence by warfare?my other question is if that is so why didn’t the other colonies also try to break away from Britain and if they didn’t want to What made America want to?

I'm having trouble finding references for the tactical level codes that the Navajo Code replaced. I've only seen notices to machines that were easily cracked. Perhaps they are referring to the M-209? But official post war sources state that only 10-30% of an M-209 message was able to be cracked.

Any really good government documents would be highly appreciated.

Chang'an* autocorrect got me.

I often hear people refer to cell phones, social media, MMORPGs, etc as "addictive." Were books ever criticized as "addictive," or whatever similar term would have been applied in the post-Gutenberg era? Any other early technologies?

In the middle ages or early modern Europe.

So in the first World War, the modern heavy artillery crushed forts. In World War 2, however, the Maginot Line was an inpenetratable wall along the French border. What made the Maginot Line effective and able to stand up to artillery?

Just want to know if there are real o make up reasons to ask for independence. Here in Spain the discussion is whether Catalonia was or not a kingdom some centuries ago

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1-What were the traee posts What they look like? Were they just a building? Or a district in a city, or a city itself? What did they contained? Did they control the surrounding area? What were their benefits to their owning nation? Did Hanseatic kontors, venetian/genoese mediterranean trade posts and Portuguese Africa and India trade posts were similar? How did they affected the trade.

I see their names mentioned in many video games but when i search them, only thing i could was shops that established in the North America to exchange goods.

2-Trade routes Why did traders followed 1 road between cities? Why there was 1 big road with cities as stops. Hanseatic trade routes were more understable, a messy network of lines between each city. In mediterranean, there is 1 big, undisturbed line that visits cities in a order and makes a cycle. Why a trader would follow that path instead of following his own path? Is there a factor that forces him to follow it?

3-Guilds How they worked, how they become powerful and how did they preserve their power. They have been associated with mercantilist policies. What did they do to become monopoly? Speaking of monopolies, did they acted as a company or more of a trade union? Did they suppressed the private producers and companies? How was their relations with both local and foreign merchants.

I am talking about Medieval and Renaissance period Europe and Mediterranean Sea. (and portuguese colonies in africa and india)

Edit: And what did merchants do, buy from other cities and sell it where he resides or buy from the where he reside and sell to other cities? And what were "Merchants Guild"s function aside from "Craft Guilds"

As a political body, it was clearly effective enough to organize defence on multiple occasions. How would that have been carried out? How would the lives of Dithmarschers been different from peasants in other Hanseatic places?

Why didn't he wait it out and let the movement die? Or resolve the matter peacefully? Was he aware of how much face and reputation China could potentially lose because of a violent suppression?

I know well that North America was settled by various groups of the English in different parts of North America, Puritans, cavaliers, Barbados slave owners, Quakers, etc... But I'm not sure about the different groups from Europe which settled in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies.

Did only people from the Iberian peninsula come, or did other Europeans settle there as they had in North America? What professions did they have? Were they similar to the conquistadors? How much did either the crown or conquistadors influence society? How did Mestizo culture develop? Did any particular region attract a certain group of people, i.e. Basques in Chile?

I've seen a lot of movies and read text extracts of this happening. I studied a little bit of WW1 and i noticed it there also. Why did soldiers simply walk out of their trenches, walk to the enemy and just get gunned down. Why don't they charge and hopefully reduce casualties and time in no mans land?

I know this isnt always the case but i've heard of it a lot more than i would of expected to hear

I was reading Tom Holland's "In the shadow of the sword" and he mentions (p.272) that after the Himyarite king Yusuf As'ar Yath'ar was killed a monument was raised as a memorial to the destruction he carried out against churches and killing nuns, called the ka'ba. Would this have been built on the original ka'ba ? Did the ka'ba get built at this time or did it exist as a natural rock formation that was built on at different times ? Help! Thanl you