I'm usually fine with the Harvard style, but since the text isn't really a published book, I have no idea how to reference it in the typical ancient style. For example, my entry for Plutarch is:

Plutarch. Plutarch’s Lives, trans. B. Perrin. London: Harvard University Press, 1914.

Can anyone recommend how to add a bibliography entry for the Twelve Tables?

Did Standard Oil have influence on laws that would help or benefit them? How about other big companies from the early 1900's?

*disappear

Currently reading Janet Abu-Lughod's book Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250-1350. I just finished the chapter talking about the rise and fall of the textile industry in Flanders in the 13th and 14th centuries. Among the reasons she cites is the dependency of textile workers in the Netherlands for English wool exports. England would then periodically limit exports of wool in order to damage Netherlands textiles.

What's shocking to me about this is that I was familiar with this relationship and conflict being central to the 17th century, but I was entirely unaware of it having happened earlier.

If dependency was simply something that existed from the 13th-14th centuries and the textile industry kind of 'kept on trucking' this would just produce a 'huh, so that's when it started'. Instead, Abu-Lughod seems to suggest that Flanders textiles collapsed in the 14th century....

What am I missing here? Did it collapse and then recover by the 16th century? Is Flanders completely unrelated to the textile centers of the 17th century? Is she just overstating the collapse of Flanders textiles?

I watched a documentary today about the glory successful Chinese athletes posses in their home country and the torture they're willing to endure to get to the top. I'm wondering if a similar culture of ultra competitiveness and fame existed in the Soviet Union during its time, and if it's a trend that can be traced across many communist nations.

As the title says.

I assume pirates would climb to the top deck and wee over the side. How did they take a dump?

I cant imagine medieval, viking, or even classical ships were the same. Did they differ in any way?

Thanks

I'm studying the Sengoku Period in Japan specifically, and I've seen a lot of people say how bad Stephen Turnbull is when it comes to the Sengoku.

Obviously, I'm curious because I cannot read Japanese so Turnbull seems to be the only person who really does English Sengoku literature. So, what is it that makes him so disliked?

I'm stuck with Turnbull for the time being, so knowing what sorts of things he gets wrong would be kind of helpful.

I'm wondering whether Muspellheim and Niflheim are the sun and moon respectively? it seems like that could be the case from the creation story but in later tales fenrir claims to eat the sun and moon. did they start synonymous and split over time, or am i putting things together wrong? cheers

I've been curious about this because as far as I can think of, before the the age of industrialization, computers, and modern science, there didn't seem to be any need of these large numbers. Nothing that people from historical times encountered really ever reached into the territory of billions, did they? So did these large numbers even "exist" as far these people were concerned? And if not, when were they "invented"?

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I understand that there is no official date of founding, but evidence suggesting that Oxford had been teaching as far back as 1096.

What would be a reasonable representation of how exactly the institution looked way back then during its early years? I know that most of the elaborate and more complex architecture probably was not added on until much later, but I struggle to visualize any elaborate structures existing 1000 years ago besides castles or churches.

I know that accusing people of witchcraft and demon worship wasn't all that uncommon of a occurrence in the Middle Ages, but are there any examples of actual organized societies, cults or sects that were based around explicit demonic worship or occultism born out of the Christian (I guess in this case mainly Catholic) concepts of demons and devils?

To be a bit more specific, I'm thinking of something similar to modern forms of Satanism that are philosophically founded on being anti-Christian, as opposed to just being a non-Christian belief system that might have been deemed heretical, occultist or "devil worshiping" by Christian authorities.

(Note that I'm very aware that Crusader Kings and Paradox's other grand strategy games are several degrees separated from anything remotely resembling historical accuracy. Nonetheless, this particular element peaked my interest.)

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