Rasputitsa - heavy rains during autumn that cover Russia in mud

General Winter - the notorious Russian winter

Pretty self explanatory otherwise.

For example. Lets say I am a guy who just got a bookshelf and wants to fill some of it out. Now I don't have any books on hand so I decide I want some copied. Would I order them all at once from the same place? How long would it take? Where would I order these copies from? If this were a school and I needed multiple of the same book would that take longer?

I am from Iran and most of the scholars and poets and civilisation and writing I know of came after the Arabs invaded and Persians became Muslim. If there was such before in Ancient Persia, can someone suggest any books for me to read on them or if there isn't can anyone explain why. Thanks.

Can't seem to find any specifics after searching for a few hours, any help Is appreciated

In order to preserve slavery they needed to break away from the British Empire, ergo, American independence was founded on racism. He's not a historian, rather a Criminology professor. How much truth does his claim have?

When referenced in academia, is there a proper term for each of those religions that doesn't refer to them as simply the anthropological phenomenon "mythology" but rather as full blown religions with their own complex theologies/cosmologies/canons?

Or, more simply, what did those people call their own religions? Instead of saying "that Catholic priest," ancient Greeks/Egyptians/Norsemen must've said "that X priest." What is the correct word for X?

Hello, historians! I am a master's student in American studies in the Boston area and am beginning the long process of collecting sources for a paper I'm writing (US occupation of Haiti and James Weldon Johnson). I haven't come across any books that give a low-down of the Progressive era that may help in the historiography part of my work. Suggestions on papers to use or books to read? Any and all leads are appreciated. Thanks in advance!

-Disgruntled grad student

It has been documented how much syncretism occurred between the Hellenistic Greeks and Sramanic culture during Alexander the Great's eastern campaigns in Bactria, India, etc. and how philosophers such as Pyrrhon the Skeptic who accompanied him brought back many elements of the culture which influenced later Hellenistic philosophy such as Skepticism, Stoicism and Epicureanism

My question, however, is how much exposure Alexander's teacher Aristotle would have had to Eastern philosophies such as Buddhism, Taoism, etc. as there are no doubt many comparisons to be made (e.g. Aristotle's 'Golden Mean' vs. the Buddha's 'Middle Way', just scratching the surface)

Are these overlaps simply coincidence, or did some of Aristotle's teachings (which helped shape Western culture and religion) come directly from Eastern influence?

Were there any significant opposition to the UK going to war with Argentina within UK politics, and was it an unpopular war at it's beginning?

I’ve been doing some cursory reading about the Hussites and Protestant reformation and I’m having a hard time wrapping my head around why the doctrine of Transubstantiation became such a controversial issue. Many of the other issues contested by the Protestants such as indulgences, iconoclasm, translating the bible, seizing church property, challenging papal authority, ect., have direct temporal and political consequences so I can understand why there would have been so much debate concerning them.

By contrast Transubstantiation seems like a completely theological problem. I can see why it’s an interesting object of debate for a scholar but is it really the sort of thing that a commoner, nobleman or king would care about? From what I’m reading being publicly for or against it could result in persecution or even execution depending on when and where you were.

Also were France and England aware of the vikings?

Was it his personality, poor intelligence, bad luck, or anything else?

Title , basically.

My conspiracy theorist friend believes that the Vatican has falsified all the historical sources predating 1300 and that there was no Roman Empire. To help convince my friend, what methods of dating do historians use that don't rely on written history? (IE Carbon 14, dendrochronology, etc...) How do historians tie these methods into our timeline?

From what I've learned from the internet (sigh) the only way to get through castle walls it's either by climbing them (e.g stairs, siege towers) or a ram. So, why didn't they fully block the entrances to stop any threat from the latter?

People always say that Alexander singlehandedly conquered the entire Persian empire. I was wondering if the Persians were much of a challenge to Alexander. As far as I can tell, Alexander's army was superior to all others during his time; the hoplite was considered the fiercest warrior before the Roman legionnaire. If the Persian empire was at its peak, would Alexander still been able to be so successful in his campaign?

I understand that West Virginia only joined the US officially in 1863, almost 90 years after the first of the colonies did so. It was the last state east of the Mississippi River to do so. Why? What was it like living in West Virginia at the time? Could people escape the rule of US law by fleeing to West Virginia? How did the area govern itself up until then?

I don't know if this is the right place, but I figured I'd give it a shot.

My class in English is memorizing and reciting poetry for extra credit, and I've found translations of a few old poems that I enjoyed (Beowulf and Pearl).

However, I want to read The Owl and The Nightingale. I don't know if I would actually memorize it, but it seems like something I would enjoy, but I can't find a translated/modernized version anywhere that isn't wildly different from the actual text (like, re-writing the poem).

So, if anyone knows where I could find a translated version of the poem, or a guide for translating it myself, that would be appreciated.

There are plenty of examples of major nations essentially falling apart or capitulating around this time period (and well after) after losing a handful of major battles (the Persian empire against Alexander and the Macedonians against Rome come to mind along with Pontus under Mithridates).

All of the nations named above capitulated/fell apart after a small number of major defeats (even if they were mixed with some victories) while Rome endured several major defeats at the hands of Hannibal in Italy and Hasdrubal in Spain with no major victories to speak of. How did they do this and why were they able to continue resisting when so many other governments would've sued for peace/suffered a coup/disentigrated?

I understand Berlin was the main goal after Paris, but it surprises me that the allies never really bothered to topple Franco.