There's actually a few articles about human cultures in India existed hundreds of thousands of years before humans would've migrated out of eastern Africa. Are these sites accepted to exist, or are they not generally considered to be real by mainstream archaeologists/anthropologists?

Today, the emperor of Japan hinted that he might abdicate, and his dynasty is the oldest dynasty that is still reigning. Is his dynasty the longest reigning in all of history? Or did another dynasty reign longer?

Which year was which one in the roman calender compared to ours

I understand this question is rather complex, but did the Romans consider the Greeks of Magna Graecia to be of the same stock as themselves? Did they serve in the legions no different than other Italians?

Thanks so much.

I'm re-reading Yoshikawa Eiji's Taiko for the nth time and one thing that stood out to me was that in all the sieges mentioned in the novel, nothing was said of what happened to the castle towns which usually sprung up nearby. Did the townspeople flee into the castle like they did in Europe, or did they all go somewhere else?

I know it's a broad question, i'm just curios about the Romans from a broader perspective. What would an alien looking at rome think in reference to other empires/cultures etc ?

Welcome back to Monday Methods!

Today's topic was suggested by /u/ThucydidesWasAwesome and has lead to us to trying out something new. In the future, Monday Methods will alternate your regular mix of broad subjects, approaches, methods and practical tips with a deeper look into various important historians and historiogrpahical movements. While classical subjects such as "Can the subaltern speak?" or "Reading historical fiction" will still be very much part of our regular installments, every other week, we will also look into important historians or historiographical movements and their theories and approaches. So stay tuned for more on subjects like "Whig History" or the history of emotion.

Today, we start off with Immanuel Wallerstein and the World-Systems approach to history. Long has the nation State been regarded as the "natural" subject of history. Since 1945 however, historians and other theorist have attempted to challenge this approach by attempting to move beyond the nation state. Immanuel Wallerstein, an American sociologist and historical social scientist, attempted this via his World-System approach in 1974.

Rejecting the notion that there is for example a Third World, Wallerstein posits that there is only one World System that is defined as a unit with a single division of labor yet multiple cultural systems. In short, rather than taking one nation state or a system of nation states (the Third World) as a unit of analysis, Wallerstein uses the whole world and the division of labor between the various nation states and other agents in it as a unit of analysis. This leads him to divide the world into core countries, semi-periphery countries, and the periphery countries, all of which contribute to a world wide production in a divided chain of labor.

Do you find this convincing? What has been your experience working with this or similar systems? Is it useful to move beyond the nation-state? And, would this even make sense to apply in your field of specialty?

Thank you for reading and stay tuned for a special series on Grad School – Should I go, how do I get in, and what am I even doing here? in the coming weeks.

Hello, i need to know about ´´ettiquete´´ of old photographs. This photo was photographed between 1922-1923. That kid in the middle is my grandmother´s father Imrich Kucharik. I want to know if there were some rules about where should relatives stay/sit so we could indentify others. I think man that is seccond from left (without tie) is Imrich´s father Andrej and that woman that is also seccond from left probably his mother Maria Zurek.

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My friends and I just spent an extended weekend visiting the battlefield at Gettysburg. The battlefield is host to hundreds on historical markers- many union regiments placed monuments, the states have placed memorials to their fallen, the NPS placed flanked boundaries to visualize units in the field, and the War Department placed brigade/division/corps markers.

Many of these carry a plaque that chronicle the unit's actions during the 3 days of the battle. On quite of few of these, particularly the ones placed between 1880 and 1910 or so, we noticed they tended to refer to the assault from Seminary Ridge on the 3rd day as Longstreet's Assault. Popular culture calls this Pickett's Charge today.

So I suppose my question is this: When did the shift in the name occur? Did both names exist simultaneously? Was calling it Longstreet's Assault part of the Lost Cause narrative that sought to remove blame from Lee and reassign it to Longstreet?

So I went to a Sonic drive in yesterday (for those unfamiliar with this fine establishment, it's a 1950s themed fast food joint; they even have their servers on skates), which got me thinking: If I walked into a McDonalds (or a similar establishment) in the 50s and ordered a cheeseburger, how would it compare to a cheeseburger I got last night? I am mostly interested in the quality of taste, but if someone wants to weigh in on other aspects, like health and cost issues, that would be good too.

Were there formal border crossings or a 'wall' between East Germany and the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic during the Cold War? Would it have been relatively easy for someone from East Germany to travel to the other socialist state or would they have needed to apply for a visa / go through inspection at the border before they could travel?

I've read conflicting statements that Hitler and/or his party were against both capitalism and communism. My immediate impression was that he was for a free market as they are regarded as far right (I understand this is moreso for nationalistic and social stances) but have come to realize this isn't the case. Can anyone clear up how the Hitler dealt with the economy and where he stood on the spectrum ?

I am personally not a huge fan of cheddar - this always gets me weird looks from friends. But it's also made me realize how incredibly common cheddar is in cooking when there's a whole world of other cheeses out there. How did cheddar become such a dominant cheese when there are so many other cheeses out there?

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My grandma and dad took a look at the Duolingo course for Vietnamese and immediately derided it as told me about the "communist-taught version" of Vietnamese, with a lot of words that were changed around for a vague reason of establishing power. I highly doubt it, but i'd like to get a second opinion.