I assume I'd be caught up in Kitchener's army, what would my odds have been for surviving?

Did the companies continue to exist or did the shareholders lose their investment? Are there any other historical examples of what happens to a company's valuation when the country it is founded in collapses?

I just started reading A History of the Modern World (10th Ed.) buy Palmer et al. Here are some excerpts from their description of Christianity which I found surprising (p. 17):

On an intellectual level Christianity also marked a revolution. It was Christianity, not rational philosophy, that dispelled the swarm of lesser gods and godesses; the blood sacrifices and self-immolation; or the frantic resort to magic, fortune-telling, and divination. ... Between gods and human beings, in the pagan view, there was moreover no clear distinction. Some gods behaved very humanly, and some human creatures were more like gods than others. The emperor was held to be veritably a god. ... The Christian doctrine on this point went back to the saying gathered from Jesus, that one should render to Caesar the things that were Caesar's, and to God those that were God's. The same dualism was presented more systematically by St. Augustine about A.D. 420 in his City of God. Few books have been more influential in shaping the later development of Western civilization. ... In any case, with this Christian dualism the Western world escaped from what is called Caesaropapism, a political system in which one person holds the powers of ruler and of pontiff. Instead, the spiritual power and the political power were held to be separate and independent. In later times popes and kings often quarreled with each other; the clergy often struggled for political power, and governments have often attempted to dictate what people should believe, or love, or hope for. But speaking in general of European history neither side has ever won out, and in the sharp distinction between the spiritual and the temporal has lain the germ of many liberties in later societies. At the same time the idea that no ruler, no government, and no institution is too mighty to side above moral criticism eventually opened the way to a dynamic and progressive way of living in the west.

I am mostly surprised by this because my Internet-age upbringing has taught me that Christianity was always the enemy of intellectual development. My original understanding was that rational philosophy and democracy was explored by the Greeks, then went into hibernation for a millennium, then was revived in Europe with the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, while the intellectual fetters of Christian doctrine were cast off at last. But here Christianity is characterized as a liberating force that frees people from the idea that state power is almighty. I do expect this book to have something of a pro-Christian bias so I wonder, is this characterization totally uncontroversial, or are there reasons to doubt it?

(The ***** is my Grandpa.)

"Lt. ***** was the Asst Commander of the 455th AAA Battery B. 1st Platoon. The Platoon commander was Lt ##### ########. He and Lt ***** were in command of four gun crews in the Platoon 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th gun crews. Each crew had roughly 15 men and the HQ group had a staff also. Each line gun crew had one 40mm Bofors AA gun and one M51 quad-.50 cal machine gun mount, consisting of 4 machine guns firing as one unit (1200 rounds per minute).

So there were normally 60-70 men in the first Platoon, and eight guns in total. 'B' was extremely active and downed more German fighters than any other Battery. They also suffered more casualties than any other battery, since they were usually on the front lines"

My dad doesn't like to talk about him much, so he didn't elaborate, so any insight would be greatly appreciated. Thanks so much!

I also have pics that my dad sent me of my Grandpa from the war. They are pretty cool, but I don't know if they're allowed on this sub (I already got deleted once for sharing too much info).

Edit: Thanks so so much for all the incredible information!! I ran it by my dad and he is also blown away (kind of always, by the Internet. He's old)

Thanks for helping me feel closer to the Grandpa that I never got the chance to meet. I'm glad I got to know what he did.

Whenever the president signs a bill into law what happens to the actual piece of paper he signs? Where do they keep all the bills that presidents have signed throughout history?

The Allies conducted a extremely effective denazification and economic assistance policies post-war. From Nazi architecture to the justice system, nothing went untouched. But were there any benign or beneficial policies that carried over from the Nazis, under a different name or otherwise?

I suppose the autobahn and the Volkswagen beetle could be a loose example of what I'm talking about, even though one was infrastructure and the other a consumer product. They were actually good, regardless of their ties to the Nazi war machine.

Was it one of peaceful co-existence and were the first rumblings of the Reconquista emerging? Also, are there unbiased sources from this period; meaning do the sources accurately depict the other side or do they exaggerate things? For example, do "Christian sources" from northern Spain accurately depict what was occurring in Islamic southern Spain?

[deleted]

Posted a month ago and got no responses at all.

All the sources I'm getting on "Roman government" are about the government in Rome. I'm looking more for information on towns like Pompeii and Ravenna, larger places rather than small forum/market towns. (Capua specifically, but most of the sources I'm finding there are in French.) Pre-CE info, please.

I've found references to "duumvirs" who were "usually in charge of towns", but not much more. Were there aediles and praetors, like in Rome? How powerful and numerous were the magistrates?

From what I (think I) know, composers like Bach and Mozart would often improvise, but at some point in the 19th or early 20th century, performers of classical music stopped improvising and stuck only to what was written on the music sheets.

When and why did this happen?

-Europeans of course knew about India, China and maybe Japan but how much? Did they know of a distant archipelago off the coast of Asia?

-what was believed to be beyond the Sahara/Atlantic?

-did people really believe in sea monsters, winged men and dragons as some maps may have or were these due to cartographers making the map pretty?

Thank you in advance for answering any of these.

By comparison, in WWII, German generals would often take an objective, then push hard in the subsequent advance to crush the enemy. Did MacArthur allow many communist troops to escape/fight another day by being too cautious?

George R.R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire is stuffed with nicknames for the myriad of characters. Jamie Lannister (Kingslayer), Robb Stark (Young Wolf), Bryden Tully (Blackfish), and many others all have nicknames that other characters, frequently people they've never met, refer to them by. Was this ever common during and before the 18th century in Europe?

Hi, I have a few questions regarding the Langobards or Lombards of Northern Italy.

1. Following Charlemagne's conquest of Northern Italy, what happened to the reigning Lombard Elite? Did they retain their old positions of power, or were they killed and replaced by Franks? If the latter, did the Lombards ever reassert their power again?

2. I read recently in Osprey's Age of Charlemagne book that Lombard proto-knights were considered the elite of the Carolingian army post Carolingian conquest, is that true? If so, what differentiated them from other cavalrymen of the period? And what would their training process look like?

3. Following on that theme of Knights, what caused their development among the Lombards, and what future role did they have among the armies of the Holy Roman Empire? Also,what type of cavalry gear would they have, would they typically be attired in and equipped with?

4. What function would they take on the battlefield? Did they serve as shock cavalry, or was their purpose mainly for close quarters combat? And did they fight dismounted at all?

5. Lastly, regarding culture and self identification, did the Lombards perceive themselves to be a Germanic people like the Franks or Danes? Did they speak the same language by this point?

Thanks!