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This year I am taking AP U.S. History in school. Our current unit has to deal with society and culture mostly in the 1820s to 1840s. At this point in time there is mention of a growing number of Irish and German immigrants. Although I am not asking about current immigration/ illegal immigrant, it is what has me wondering about the topic. As today there are many sides to the immigration debate I was wondering how the British, or rather the Americans at the time reacted to the new cultures supplanting their own. Thanks!

I've been studying quite a bit of Aristotles physical sciences through the last 1000 years. Most of his work was reintroduced to Europeans from Arabic sources during the Spanish Reconquista, then during the Scientific Revolution much attention was given to his theories and experiments were organized to test them out. They didn't hold up well:

in the early 1500s Copernicus overturned Aristotles geocentric model of the universe. It took quite some time to be accepted, but did get a lot of attention in the meantime.

in the 1600s Galileo and Newton overturned Aristotles theory of forces, motion and gravity.

in 1650, Otto von Guericke invented an air pump, disproved Aristotles "horror vacui" that a vacuum can can't exits. Guericke went on to show how pressure is responsible for forces in fluids.

1669 German alchemist Hennig Brand, hoping to find gold, discovered phosphorous by boiling urine in glass container to a solid waxy white solid that glowed in the dark. Eventually upturned Greek 4-element view of matter with discovery of first element since Ancient times.

When was Copernicus's theory finally accepted? Are there more examples of Aristotles physical science theories overturned? If there's a better subreddit, tell me soon and i'll delete and prepost.

please correct me if im wrong.

Basically, I just want to read a book about it, because it seems totally crazy and fascinating and full of Game of Thrones-style intrigue and machinations. I have a rudimentary familiarity with European history (like, freshman-level "Western Civ" course level), but I can probably take a bit heavier of a read than that.

I'd also be interested in knowing why we don't seem to hear about sieges in 20th century or modern warfare any more. Starving your enemy out of a city seems like a very effective strategy.

I'm thinking specifically pre-modern, indigenous perceptions, not that of European explorers. In other words, what did the people who actually lived alongside them think of them. I am aware that similar questions have been asked but as far as I have seen most of them are from European sources or don't deal with folk understandings. Thanks!

For example, if I chose a random town from history, why did its inhabitants come there? Where do they get their food/water/goods/whatever? What was their wealth? How had that changed through its history?

When I read the history of a particular city on wikipedia, there seem to be trends like "settled because of some natural feature, grew because of something else, exports this and that." When I drive through towns in the middle of nowhere, I'm curious "What do people do here? How do they get the things they need and not lose money?"

I guess the question boils down to the history of "What was life like here and why?" on personal and economic levels. I get that it's an amazingly broad question, so I'd love to learn some of the general themes.

I don't even know what this is called, but I'd love to read some fun pop history/pop economics book to get insight into it.

I can see how the boomerang and bolas might have been used, but not reliably. Were there any bird-hunting cultures besides those in Australia and the Arctic?

So... If i ask you guys about Aristotle's katharsis theory.... What do you Know about it?

There was the Napoleonic era, and WWI, and... it doesn't seem like there was a lot in between. For actual wars between states, I can think of the Italian Wars of Unification, Franco-Prussian War, Austro-Prussian War, maybe Belgian Revolution, sorta... that's about it. Those wars in themselves weren't small, but they were all clustered towards the middle of the time period, and all ended fairly quickly (and weren't as famous and thus studied as other wars like WWI). Anyway, it's not a lot of war compared to the 18th or 17th century, and there's that idea that Napoleon send columns of infantry until the British mowed them down, and yet it still happened with machine guns in WWI. So, all throughout, but particularly in the earlier period I guess, how did European tactics change, and from what to what?

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Im thinking of terrorist groups like Al-Qaeda and the like. Is Wahhabism part of their ideology? If so is it related to the spread of Wahhabism as a result of the massive oil revenue Saudi-Arabia saw from the 50's and onwards.

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I realize this may not be strictly history, but I'm sure there are historical roots behind it.