What is the oldest message known (of any kind) which has been maded by someone in order to communicate with other human beings in the future?

Edit: grammar

I was having this conversation with another scientist earlier today, and we realized we didn't know the answer. In short, by now pretty much everyone in science accepts the Big Bang theory as the way the universe began, and that it currently appears the universe is likely to keep expanding forever, but these are all things that basically come about from Einstein's relativity. But before relativity there surely were scientists who were trying to tackle these questions without relying on religion, right? I mean the 1800s gave us the realization of things like how the universe must be far older than a mere 6,000 years thanks to geology, so surely people then started to speculate on non-religious ways for the universe to begin that didn't require a Creator, and ways it could end that weren't Armageddon.

Thanks!

Edit: I've made a mess of the title, it should be "What were the policies that the parties campaigned on during elections during World War Two?

Seeing as the war was the biggest problem facing each nation during the election what were the parties campaigning on? Would you get Winston Churchill going "vote for me, I will pass this law to increase our industrial output."? Was this what people cared about when voting one way or the other during the elections?

Because of their genitalia, wouldn't it be advantageous for men to be wearing skirts and women pants? Why, when, and where did this happen?

It is known from ancient burial sites of prehistory that rings and other jewellery can be symbolic and of status. However this makes me curious as to whether it is known for how long rings have been used for marriage. Which cultures of antiquity exchanged rings, and which cultures did not or did other things for marriage?

Tolstoy was himself a rich dude and in his most influential works (Anna Karenina, War and Peace) he talks mainly about the aristocracy. How were his works viewed by Russian authorities in the Soviet Union? Were they allowed, encouraged, discouraged, banned?

Did individual gladiators (or groups thereof) have their own supporters, or even supporters "clubs"? Was there rivalry between supporters of different gladiators, and if yes, did it go as far as today's hooliganism (or worse)?

I guess, more broadly, why did neoliberalism become popular when it did? And why in both the U.K. and U.S. Did it happen anywhere else?

I thought about electoral palatinate and if small villages had executioners, and then i thought maybe they where sent by bigger citys (like Heidelberg). Following this thought, i asked myself if and how people would get over the rhine if the village was on the opposite side. Did they have boats (ferrys) or did large enough Bridges already exist?

In particular the Hashimid or the Saudis.

(I'm not including ISIS of course; I rather mean, in the 20th century).

Other things I would like to ask are: Who employs train drivers and what qualifications does someone in that time needs to become one?

EDIT: My apologies if this question is below a standard any historian may have for answering. I'm leaving it up to see who might actually answer, and how many more downvotes it can get.

I read that syphilis most likely was in the Americas prior to the Colombian era, and some of the Europeans returning home were who brought it to the Old World first. That's not terribly certain but I'm looking for similar anecdotes along with whichever few go back furthest in time. Some ancient cultures may not have had a taboo on sex like our modern day seems to have, so surely there were diseases that were around. HIV was only discovered/given a name in the end of the last century, so (subquestion here) have diseases in the past just popped up out of nowhere in cultures and caused any epidemics or hysteria?

Thank you in advance. I tried looking in this subreddit's post history and no one has seemed to ask this exact question. Just questions about STDs in Greco-Roman times.

While Texas was a Mexican state, I'm going to assume the official language was Spanish, but I know that many settlers (if Stephen F. Austin's 300 families and the large immigration from the US were any indicator) likely spoke Spanish as a second language at best. All documents I've seen from the independent Republic of Texas were printed in English. Was English the official language or merely the de facto language? Moreover, roughly how many used English as the primary language in their homes during the years Texas spent as a Mexican state, independent republic, and finally as a US state?

By deep I mean like what you see in films. Enemies all mixed in with each other and no lines. So Gladiator, start of Lincoln, Braveheart etc. Obviously with phalanxes and shieldwalls the soldiers would only fight at the front but I'm wondering about all other types. Thanks!

I read something recently about supposed critiques and explorations of slavery in Shakespeare's plays and it struck me as odd- I don't think of slaves as existing in Elizabethan London (or really, England as a whole post-feudalism). If there were slaves, what race would they have been?

Were the Greeks involved?