Where was it? Also when?

'We' were the first modern republic if my knowledge is correct. How and why did the Dutch became a monarch? In my mind monarchies are established through force and repression. I have no knowledge of the Dutch royal house using force to come to power, which leaves me to conclude that the Dutch accepted the transition to place power in a monarch.

How did this transition occur and if my conclusion that this process was peaceful is correct, why was this accepted when so many other countries fought to get rid of their monarchs?

What are the formal requirements for being a Holy Roman Emperor and how were they codified? Did they have to be lord of a territory that is part of the HRE?

I imagine they have to be Christians, but do they have to swear spiritual loyalty to the Vatican?

I am particularly interested in these requirements around the time of the 30YW.

Thanks in advance!

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I looked through the FAQ for this topic and while there are similar questions asked and information related to this question written, there doesn't seem to be anything about this question specifically.

The religious interpretation of the writing of the Quran is that God, through an angel, revealed the text word-for-word to a man who could neither read nor write, who then transmitted the words to his companions, who then wrote down the words.

It is my (very limited) understanding that the texts were not actually written down until some 50 years (?) after the death of Muhammad.

So I would like to hear what historians have to say about this topic.

As the traditional religious origin for the Quran is dubious at best, what really happened?

I may be wrong but it seems like armor was dropped after guns were implemented until very recently. WW1-Vietnam seemed to have no armor. Was it because bullets proved too effective or something related?

I know Napoleon staged a coup, but why did the people just trade one king for another and then celebrate it like its some how a victory? In my opinion it was a failure and a mess.

Did they have structures that could deal with that high of wind? I realize a cave or natural structure like that if possible but assuming flat land, beach type areas how did they handle that harsh of weather?

Was there food rationing in countries like Sweden, Switzerland, Spain and Portugal? What did those rations consist of, and when did it end?

Why did it take humans ~190,000 years before the first civilization started? Humans weren't fundamentally different between 5,000 B.C. and 200,000 B.C., yet it took hundreds of millenniums before civilization began. Why?

After events like Black September it would seem to me that the Jordanian leadership should be more antagonistic toward the Palestinian movement. Why is this not the case? Does Jordan's large Palestinian minority have anything to do with it?

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I've read a lot of books on the French Revolution and additionally listened to Mike Duncan's wonderful podcast. All are pretty detailed on most events and personages in Paris and the cities but one area not even the Internet can tell me is just how were such large numbers of soldiers and militia from the city and rural populations recruited? There were defensive wars against the coalition, major uprisings outside Paris, further wars post Thermidor Reaction and crazy attempts to invade England, support Irish rebellion, the second coalition wars. And then you have Napoleon taking Italy, attempting to colonise Egypt eventually leaving his troops behind and then home for more fighting. So. How were the foot soldiers actually recruited? By force or mostly voluntarily? Were there recruitment drives to raise the forces or some local pressure to force certain locals of a fit age to fight? In The General Levee I assume appeals to patriotism helped but surely by 1798 or thereabouts there must have been some resistance to joining the military? As a sort of secondary question, did all this recruitment add to France's woes by affecting the economy (few people to create food crops or a labour shortage in industries)? Please forgive such a long question but this has bothered me for months.