In ancient and medieval times, could a 12-year old kid buy a bottle of wine, and if his mother saw him drinking it would he be chastised?

Hello, r/askhistorians!

I am a long time lurker of this sub and finally decided to post something. I hope you guys and gals can assist me in my current quest for understanding.

I do apologize if this is the wrong sub. If it is kindly point me in the right direction.

I have a stutter. I've been reading scientific research into this and it says that stuttering more than likely stemmed from a common ancestor, as a mutation in the genes.

I am here to inquire about who this common ancestor may be.

Historians, to your knowledge who is the first person who may have had this?

Thank you for your time and assistance. I do truly appreciate it.

About two thirds of Jews in the Netherlands were deported East to their death, whereas much lower percentages of Jews were deported from other Western European countries. Why?

I'm curious how crime and discipline were handled aboard ships (All different answers, I expect) during the age of sail. I believe military officers were empowered to summarily execute members of the crew in extreme situations/offenses, but what about merchant or pirate vessels? Did it vary vastly from ship to ship (I expect this is the answer for pirates) or was the an agreed upon charter/law for Captains to follow?

What are the differences between time(medieval age, the industrial revolution, etc.) people(Europeans/Americans for example) and culture (Islamic, Christian culture)? Who was (partly) right and who was totally wrong? Can these thoughts be explained based on events in history?

how did the Mahdi's political islam impact future currents of thought and events in the islamic world that would have touched on

On some level i'm pretty sure i understand why Qutb is seen as the originator but i'm always a little bit bothered how this narrative seems to place him outside of the events of the late long 19th century. Did they just not have a big impact?

I've often heard from others that the first man in the British colonies of North America to possess as permanent property a black African was a black planter named Anthony Johnson. Is there any validity to this claim?

Asking whether or not the Bushido code was truly supreme in culture and society, if detractors from the traditions were as common as , let's say, those who ignored chivalry in medieval Europe.

In November of 1918, the Allied Powers ended World War One by signing an Armistice agreement with the remaining belligerents. At this point, the German army was loosing territory at a rate of miles a day, and the Americans were finally beginning to devote their full industrial and demographic resources to the war effort. Despite the collapse of the Eastern Front and the withdrawal of the Russian Empire in March of 1918, the Italians had the Austrians on the rope and the British were successfully chasing the Ottomans out of the Levant and Mesopotamia.

So why did the Allies agree to an armistice that left their enemies intact at the very time when they were finally in a position to crush them once and for all?

Reading Hew Strathan's The First World War, I couldn't help but feel that by agreeing to an armistice, the French and British were literally snatching defeat from the Jaws of victory. But clearly the Allied leadership of had different priorities back in 1918. I suspect that my reading of events is influenced by the knowledge that Germany would start another massive war 20 years later, but I don't quite understand why agreeing to an armistice seemed like a good idea to the Allied leadership in late 1918.

Why did the Allies not want push on to forcibly take Berlin and like the Germans had taken Paris back in 1871?

I remember reading a quotation by Bill Bryson stating that there were more 17th century building in the Yorkshire village he was living in than the whole of the US. Now north America saw European settlers from the late 15th century, and they presumably build buildings the same way they did in Europe, so why are there seemingly so few around still? There are rather few Tutor buildings in Britain still, and I guess similarly in the rest of Europe, but even relatively fewer still in the Americas. Am I imagining this or it true and why?

What rifles / muskets did the British army use after the brown bess and baker rifle were decommissioned and before the Enfield snider was introduced? there appears to be a gap.

Also, why did it seem to take Britain far longer than say e.g. France to adopt a percussion rifle?

(or am I just incorrect?) thanks for your responses.

I noticed that Casanova is consuming chocolate often and that many friends he makes invite him to "take chocolate with them" in the mornings. What was chocolate like in 18th century Italy and how prevalent was it? Was it really that normal to invite over guests to eat chocolate with you and hold a conversation? Also chocolate isn't really known as something you would eat in the morning but was it consumed early in the day often?

Title. What is "the cloth", specifically? Why are priests, nuns, and the like referred to as such? When did this title come about?

I keep having debated with people about the effectiveness of a bombs only campaign to end a war/conflict. The only one I can think of is the Pacific theatre of WWII. Are there any wars that have been won only with an air campaign?

I'm aware that there were efforts to Germanise various races, mostly Slavic, first in the HRE and then in Austria and the German Empire. Why were certain peoples like those mentioned above much more successfully assimilated into German society/culture?