I know that Aachen was the chief city in the days of Charlemagne, and that Nuremberg has been important at various stages and had an official residence, but when did Vienna become the der facto capital of the HRE? Thanks!

I can't remember the name, just that it involved something like two axis of six main philosophies for the majorities ethical and political views like "Philosophers" and "Economically Conservative" and "Idealists" vs. "Pragmatists" etc. and that certain combinations in one generation would lead to another combination in the next one.

Fuck me I know this is vague, but it's really bothering me.

In the poem The Female Vagrant by the romantic poet William Wordsworth a woman and her family have travelled with her husband (a soldier) to America to fight for the British in the American war of Independence. I found the description of warfare offered in the poem quite interesting:

"Ah! how unlike those late terrific sleeps!

And groans, that rage of racking famine spoke:

The unburied dead that lay in festering heaps!

The breathing pestilence that rose like smoke!

The shriek that from the distant battle broke!

The mine's dire earthquake, and the pallid host

Driven by the bomb's incessant thunder-stroke

To loathsome vaults, where heart-sick anguish toss'd,

Hope died, and fear itself in agony was lost!"

Now since Wordsworth was never present at an actual war (aside from being in France for some of the Terror) his description may be highly innacurate, but I was most interested in what the "bombs" and "mines" he refers too are, since these seem more in keeping with later conflict, unless I am misunderstanding either Wordsworth or the armaments used in the American War of Independence. However, I am also interested in how accurately this presents warfare at that time as a whole, or if it is a demonised version, since Wordsworth was known to be very anti-war.

Thanks so much for any help with interpreting this.

If so, what were they and when did they happen?

EDIT: Thanks for all the interesting and good researched answers! :-)

I mean military action taken by the USA, of course.

Recently the matter of the Armenian Genocide has become quite polemic, with Turkey authorities still in denial about the facts that happened, claiming the killings were justified "by war".

With that in mind I'd like to know how the American nuclear strikes in Japanese soil are viewed by people that doesn't have the "i don't want a stain in my country's history" bias.

Was it because black wouldn't show stains or dirt as easily and thus was more practical when suits became more popular or were there other reasons behind the color choice?

Imperial cult was the norm in pagan Roman Empire, but when it's Christianized of course the emperor can no longer be considered some kind of god. Instead, according to Judith Herrin and Averil Cameron, Roman Emperor became God's viceroy on earth. Here is a short passage from their books:

I.

Eusobios, bishop of Caesarea, ... developed the notion of human viceroy dispensing divine justice on earth in God's name with Constantine I in mind.

II.

Official art promoted the ideas of hierarchy with emperor at the peak on earth and reflecting the hierarchy of the divine, and emperor, patriarch, higher clergy, and monastic leaders alike all engaged in a performance of Orthodoxy

When the Christians speak of God's viceroy, which one they are actually referring to: the personhood of the emperor (the emperor himself) or the seat of caesar? Did they still regard "heretic" Arian emperor like Valens as God's viceroy?