Who made the decision that it would happen? How was that decision made? Was it ever put to any sort of vote?

(Since my title wasn't clear, I am referring to 1989, not 1871.)

All the most famous songs from the Risorgimento era have been written in the Neapolitan language (Santa Lucia, O Sole Mio, Torna a Surriento) and you had Trilussa and Giuseppe Gioachino Belli writing poetry in Roman. This was the 19th centry. Has all of it been already perceived as Romantic dialect literature (in the spirit of Burns)? Venice had a rich literature in the 18th century as well. So: when and how has all of it been abolished? At what point did Italian become the lingua franca?

I'm not naive enough to believe it was because we were the "good guys". It couldn't have been very popular with veterans and their families. I've always been curious about this, as it seems to go against how one instinctively would deal with a vanquished foe.

1 Though there where many differences in the development of the New England, Middle, and Southern colonies, they had much in common. What conditions and experiences were common to American colonists regardless of their colony or region?

2 “The English founded colonies to escape oppression in England.” Assess the validity of this statement

3 "Before 1763 British mercantilist policy, while restricting colonial economic development, allowed colonial political life to develop unhampered by the Mother Country.” Assess the validity of this statement.

4 Analyze the relative importance of religious dissent and demographic change in undermining the Puritan dream of establishing a godly and orderly society in seventeenth century New England.

THANKS IN ADVANCE TO THE HISTORY GENIUSES FOR THE HELP

EDIT 1 i realize i wrote civil war when its actually right before the revolution

Specifically on the assassination of archduke Franz Ferdinand, the young Bosnians, or generally about the forces in play and events that lead up to the assassination. Some friends and I have decided to make a short film based on the group of assassins, but first we need to read so we can use historical details to emphasise our point. Any help would be greatly appreciated.

I know the Monarch is the one who asks the Minister to form a government, but 1, do they have the power to disband a government, and 2, do they have the ability to deny the elected leader the chance to form one?

I sincerely desire to read about some accounts from some of them, to find out how is daily life like for a privileged Afrikaner under such conditions.

I imagine that the Persians and Chinese knew about each other since even the Romans and Chinese had vague interactions with each other. The Persians, being between the Romans and Chinese, must have interacted with the Chinese. Was there any direct trade or were there any wars between the two?

With ebola today we hear about villagers "rescuing" infected family members from the medical institution, poorly enforced border control, estrangement of those who survived the disease, etc.

Were there instances of such things happening with the Black Death? I would guess it was a lot worse due to the lack of modern medical understanding.

We have gutters, leak proof roofing, drainage,umbrellas etc. for rain water nowadays. But did people or towns take measures to protect against rain in medieval times?

This is the worst ebola outbreak in history, but have there been outbreaks of other diseases with similar severity as this one is likely to have? Something that killed more than a few thousand people. I'm specifically interested in something post-WW2, when medical care and society was at least vaguely similar. What sort of path did things take? How did societies cope with large numbers of sick people? What finally halted the spread of the disease?

It's much closer than hawaii and I think it's been ours longer, so why didn't it get to become a state?

Did they use it to make the trench walls higher or for something else?

Past readings, for example Richard Zacks' The Pirate Coast, describe Islamic city-states along the Mediterranean, decadent hereditary princes ruling a city and its environs predominantly autonomously - tributaries of the Ottoman sultans only in a loose financial and ceremonial sense. Were city-states also the norm in medieval/Islamic Golden Age Mesopotamia and "northern Iraq?" largely autonomous tributaries of the Caliph? If the cultural background of the region leans toward local leaders and relatively independent cities, it's easier to understand why Western imperial planning, and its presumption of the post-Westphalia nation-state as the only way, has failed so badly!

What books are good for learning about the Middle Ages cities of what-is-now-Iraq?

Also, briefly speaking, How did Octavian or (Augustus Caesar) gain control of the newly founded Roman Empire?

Thank you for your time!