The workhorse of the US Navy in the Pacific undersea war, Gato Class submarines displaced twice as much, were 30 metres longer, and held far more crew than the German workhorse VII Class Uboats.

I was really astonished by the differences in approach, and was wondering what sort of tactical and strategic reasons there were for these two different but effective ideas in submarine construction?

A friend of mine was talking recently about how the Japanese lagged behind other countries in the development of Radar in the 1930s even though there industry had the capabilities to develop systems if they'd been funded properly.

How true is this, and do you think the Japanese lead in certain areas of engineering after the war is down to the shock that they got?

To my (American) understanding, there are only three areas in Great Britain that retain a Celtic identity as opposed to England's Germanic identity: Cornwall (eventually became a part of England, though I am a bit curious why they kept their Celtic identity when the rest of England did not), Wales, and Scotland. Scotland makes sense to me because Hadrian's Wall is an historic barrier between the relative north and south of Great Britain, but Wales doesn't have any kind of natural defenses along its border--no mountains, rivers, walls, anything. Why did the Anglo-Saxons just seemingly stop when they got to Wales?

Hey /r/askhistorians, I just finished reading 'The Perfume Lover' by Denyse Beaulieu and although the actual story of her journey to create a perfume out of a recreation of a night she spent in Seville was interesting, the history of perfumery was much more so.

I enjoyed the pieces relating perfume taste and uses to the biblical, historic, political and social history globally, as well as learning of perfumes interpretive meanings and symbolism.

I was really bitten by the bug to learn more, and I was wondering if anyone has any recommendations as where to begin. I'm looking for an academic read, rather than casual.

Also is anyone from /r/fragrance has any suggestions I'd be delighted to hear from them.

This is a Re-post from /r/history as I had no luck there!

Thanks in advance.

I hear this a lot and if it's true, that's really cool.

Were there any previous civilization that had to deal with these kinds of issues? Or, to take it a step further, how common are civil rights movements throughout history?

I've been reading a bit about the "characters" among the generals of the world wars, and always come back to the German East Africa campaign and the panzer generals of the second war. I keep hearing references to the Prussian officers, their schools (and the naval training on the seaborne side), but what did this mean in effect? If I had a "Von" in my name and a rank of say, Oberst, what was my education like? Was it like the West Point-style academy training? What might I do to train my men that would be different than the French or the Americans? Why would my native troops still remember their "drill" decades later from my "Prussian discipline"? I read about these terms a lot in the contexts of their existence in the makeup of these soldiers, but don't really have a practical understanding of they meant.

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I can't remember his name, and I want to read the book made up of his advice about life.

I am aware of how the play was told and aware of the plot, but I want to know the logistics.

I've heard this one around, but never from a solid source. The idea is that if you see a bunch of guys out on the battlefield, you should try not to shoot the medic out of some sense of decency or respect. Likewise, you should never bomb a field hospital.

While there were many Emperors with that title (Augustus springs to mind), Caesar on its own refers to Julius. Indeed, if you Google "Caesar" you get results on Julius Caesar. Why is he so special? Any reason why he's arguably the most famous emperor of Rome?

I recently learned about the Vatican II and have been reading some of Pope John XXIII writings. Much of what I've read seems to have somewhat anticapitalist pro-socialist leanings. At the same time I saw that JFK called upon the Pope during the Cuban Missile crisis for council on how to resolve the situation.

My main question is did the political leanings of the Pope strain his relationship with the President (who was so anticommunist in all it's forms)?

Moving backwards chronologically, today good posture is known to be healthier as well as retaining elements of proper form in many societies. I was taught that it was important in Victorian times and in the 18th century as well. I recall being taught that Romans often dined in a lounging position (which is also healthier apparently), but I'm not sure if this is true. And obviously, human posture has become more upright as neanderthals gave way to homo sapiens.

This is probably a difficult question as I doubt there are many records referring to posture, but does anyone have insight into the relevance of back posture prior to the 18th century, but within recorded history?

Thank you.

Hi, my Grandad served on the British merchant ships during WW2 between Britain and Russia. Im trying to find out all I can but i dont know where to look other than here. Unfortunately he hasn't got long left on this earth so I'd really appreciate any help whatsoever.

As for what im actually looking for im not sure of that either! just any info will do i suppose...

Anyways, the ships he served on are thus:-

Duke - 23rd October '42 Europa - 21st December '42 Dunluce Castle - 6 jan '42 Preston North End - 4th jan '43 Claverhouse - 1st march '43 Victory - 24th October '43 Pembroke - 20th November '42 Marlborough - 1st jan '44 Fenet - 13th May '44 Caroline - 1st July '44

Nearly killed twice, once his clothing snagged on the propeller shaft and he was flung across the room, cant remember the other incident (something equally daft i think). He was also arrested for being caught playing snooker in the officers mess.

Again, any leads would be greatly appreciated.