To what extent was Robespierre really responsible for the violent excess of the Reign of Terror?

I know that Robespierre was an unapologetic advocate of revolutionary terror. The impression I got is he acknowledged it as a messy process but one he believed was fundamentally just -- that peoples' justice isn't handed down by courts and administrators.

But I also read that by the late days of the Reign of Terror, he had largely withdrawn from administration in the Committee for Public Safety, and that after his execution, much of the committee overplayed Robespierre's role as a chief ideologist into that of a single totalitarian dictator, to deflect responsibility on to the dead man.

How much of this is supported by fact? Also, what's a good radically-aligned history of the Revolution? It's very easy to find English people tut-tutting about the whole thing, but David Andress's "The Terror" is the only account I've seen that tries to approach the Revolution from another perspective.

1 Answers 2014-05-12

Before Conquest, the Persians would ask for a tribute. What was the tribute of Earth and Water?

What exactly is this tribute?

"From Sardis Xerxes sent heralds to all to all the Greek states, except Athens and Sparta, demanding the signs of submission earth and water." - The Ancient Greeks a Critical History, Fine

In every depiction of asking for the tribute Fine just says Earth and Water but never describes what exactly this was.

Can someone explain it to me?

1 Answers 2014-05-12

What were the defenses of the English Channel like during WWII?

After reading and commenting on the recent post about the possibility of a German invasion of Britain (here: http://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/25cri9/if_hitler_was_willing_to_sacrifice_a_ton_of/) I am curious: how well defended was the Channel at any point in time? Commenters on the other thread mentioned that during a war game simulation of the invasion, the British required 24 hrs to fully assemble their destroyer fleet for a counterattack on the invasion force. How well defended was the Channel? Were there mines or SONAR nets? Artillery emplacements? Did U-Boat squadrons dare to operate within the Channel or was it too dangerous? I'm interested in any information about the defenses at any stage of the war, so that I can get a picture of how the defenses were built up over time (as I presume they were).

TL;DR What were the English Channel defenses like during WWII, when the Germans were a stone's throw away from Britain?

1 Answers 2014-05-12

For Presidents elected to a second term, do they tend to be more or less bold after the final midterm? What is the precedent set by others?

1 Answers 2014-05-12

Fae mythology origins?

Hi there historians, would you be so kind as to explain where the myths of fae come from? i know that they are the Irish realm of faeries, nymphs, gnomes, elves, etc, but i am not so sure as to the origins, apart from hearing it was pagan/alchemist is origin. Can you guys clear this up for me, and possibly explain where and why they had these theoretical models of this other realm? thanks!

1 Answers 2014-05-12

To what extent did theism survive communism, and if it did, how did it do so?

1 Answers 2014-05-12

What was it like to be in a gas attack in WWI?

I'm curiously about how effective masks and equipment worked, how long it lasted, and the general effect it had on those who survived it.

1 Answers 2014-05-12

Did public, intellectual debates between prominent people ever occur pre 20th century like they do now?

Examples of this today are Bill Nye vs Ken Ham or Richard Dawkins vs George Pell.

1 Answers 2014-05-12

History of apocalyptic predictions

People in the 80s thought the human race would eradicate itself with nuclear weapons. Today the specter of global warming and rising inequality dominate Western social discourse. I'm wondering: did similar, negative views of the future exist prior to the modern era? How have they changed throughout time? Has our perspective inherited anything from them?

2 Answers 2014-05-12

Have we ever uncovered antique forgeries of even older artifacts? Do these forgeries have any historical value of their own?

1 Answers 2014-05-12

I have heard that the X-Men series holds many parallels to MLK and Malcom X fighting for black rights. What are some of them?

2 Answers 2014-05-12

How did (Formerly) Nazi Citizens React to a Post-WWII World?

As the title says, I'm curious as to things like attitudes to Jews or Nazism in Germany (either East or West) post-war rather than a governmental level. (Like striking down Nuremburg Laws. How in favour of this were the Germans)

Was there continued discrimination against the Jews by Vigilantes enforcing laws removed by the Allied Occupation? Did a lot of people still fly Nazi flags despite any

laws? Did people still support Nazism even after it was made illegal?

I've always thought it didn't change overnight. Just because the Nuremburg Laws were gone, doesn't mean people would immediately drop any opinions they had generated in the last 12 years of Nazi power?

1 Answers 2014-05-12

Were elections in the United States always dominated by a two party system or previously were there more than two?

I ask this because I remember watching a video explaining why the way we hold our elections eventually widdles down the number of parties to two and I was wondering if there was any historical evidence of this in the United States or elsewhere.

3 Answers 2014-05-12

Why is the Mona Lisa so famous?

It's a beautiful painting and all, but I can see how it's the greatest painting ever made.

So, why is it arguably the most famous painting in the world?

1 Answers 2014-05-12

In terms of brutality, how does North Korea compares with ancient and medieval kingdoms?

North Korea is seen as one of the most brutal regimes in earth, often compared to Nazi Germany. But how does it compare with more ancient kingdoms with absolute rulers? It seems to me that in ancient times, torturing, killing and raping innocent people was the norm.

Is living under the Kim Family rule worse then say, living under Vlad the Impaler?

1 Answers 2014-05-12

Is this photo of Hitler real? If so, what is the story behind this? [NSFW]

1 Answers 2014-05-12

What are the advantages and disadvantages of adopting a Marxist approach to historiography?

1 Answers 2014-05-12

I am a Roman soldier during the height of the empire. What do I eat?

More specifically, how much will my diet change depending upon where I am stationed? What is rationed for me by the empire? What am I likely to find or purchase on my own?

3 Answers 2014-05-12

How much autonomy did the previously independent German states (Bavaria, Saxony etc.) have in the German Empire (1871-1918)

Looking on Wikipedia at some WW1 battles, and under the German Empire it noted the separate flags of Saxony, Bavaria and Prussia. Did these states have separate armies? How much autonomy did they have under the German Empire?

1 Answers 2014-05-12

How powerful were the Popes in the past?

2 Answers 2014-05-12

How often were black people seen in Europe?

or any "foreign race"?

2 Answers 2014-05-12

Were Native American tribes peaceful with each other?

A friend stated today that Native American tribes shared food and clothing with each other and lived in harmony and were not at war with each other. I find this hard to believe. What is the truth?

6 Answers 2014-05-12

How do we tease out history from Greek poetry / drama?

This is more a methodological question. I understand that historical accounts come from multiple different types of sources, but I'm wondering what historical information, if any, is typically taken from something like the Iliad, the Odyssey, plays by Euripides, "historicsl" musings during Platonic Dialogues, etc.? Are there any ideas in those works that have been accepted as historically true? And if so, what criteria is used to separate out the artistic, the allegorical, etc. from the more direct historical accounts.

The Trojan war is an example, most of what we know about that is through poetic accounts, but it also constitutes in the minds of most people a historical event that unfolded generally in the way imparted to us. Yet I seem to remember archeological evidence popping up relatively recently that challenged some ideas about it. But as historians, how much do you take from the stories themselves to be at least relatively accurate?

1 Answers 2014-05-12

Did the rise of labour happen before World War One, or after it?

3 Answers 2014-05-12

I found this book after my grandma died.

I was raised by my Grandma in my early years. She was Irish and we lived in Australia. She died of cancer when I was 7 (23 years ago). I know that we were catholic (having to go to mass before breakfast on a Sunday taught me that) and I know that we lived on the border of county Sligo and county Mayo. My connection with my Grandma makes me feel Irish. However, after grandma’s death my care pass primarily to my grandfather. He was British (ex british military, grandma was a nurse). He was catholic but I understood that he had converted when marrying Grandma. He certainly never talked of Ireland fondly nor of my Grandma or her family. He remarried a protestant and seemed to deconvert from Catholicism. He wrote a short book before he died on his lift but it sadly glossed over my grandma and her Irish family. I have many assumptions I have made about my family’s heritage and why we came to live in Adelaide after WW2 but with my grandma long gone I have little to verify my assumptions. The only item I have is this “book”. (cover back and one internal page) http://imgur.com/a/TcAHd#0 I’m looking for more historical information about my Irish family’s possible life and I’m hoping the book might shed light on the political leanings of my Grandma and her family.

1 Answers 2014-05-12

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