Antisemitism has been around forever it seems. From pogroms in the middle ages to the holocaust just last century. When did it start, or rather: what are some of the earliest examples of antisemitism, either in word or deed?

I grew up in Europe, so don't know that much about US history, and from this perspective, when reading US media it seems like that part of history is not really discussed at the moment.

I've been reading about the 20th century pogroms against Jews and other minorities in Eastern Europe including Russia.

In Poland for example we had a 'controversial' public debate about the pogrom in Jedwabne where a town was complicit in killing hundreds of Jews.

Having recently watched Mississippi Burning it seemed like the complicity in ethic violence in part of the US was a pretty widely spread phenomenon.

Can somebody give me more facts/numbers about that please?

-what form did the violence take? was it one off events, or were there events similar to pogroms that took place in Europe?

-what are the approximate numbers of victims of the KKK? Can somebody point me to a study about it?

• was there ever an open public debate about it? Were the perpetrators brought to justice and did the victims of the KKK and their families ever receive public apologies?

-can somebody point me towards relevant literature please?

thank you.

I see r/urbanexploration posting pictures of old lodges all the time of old vacant buildings. Did the Freemasons become mpre secretive or just fade out?

I've had some Chilean history courses, but Allende always seemed like a fairly positive person for the nation. Why is he seen in such negative light in America? Is it just the "socialism" or is there more going on?

Also why did Augusto Pinochet stage his military coup and have Allende killed?

Why did it crumble so far? Or was it never as glorious as it is imagined?

I'm reading Adrian Goldsworthy's Caesar: Life of a Colossus, and he mentions that contrary to popular belief the Roman pilum were not designed to bend upon impact. Before reading that, I was always told that the pilum was meant to bend upon impact, making it impossible for an enemy to throw back and a huge encumbrance on shields it had struck. What's the deal? Is the idea of the bending pilum a bunch of hot air?

It's a trope I've heard that Roman army engineers would be made to stand underneath their bridges. The purpose being, to ensure that the engineers performed their due diligence in their construction and design work and make sure they would not collapse. In the business world, we call this "aligning incentives" ;).

Is there any evidence that this was actually a thing that happened, either as a matter of policy or on individual occasions? Where there perhaps any other non-Roman armies that employed this technique? It strikes me as the sort of thing that Xerxes may also have done, or been accused of doing.

You often here about units like archers and cavalry being made up of auxiliaries.

Why did the Romans trust them in battle, especially if they cavalry had been on there flanks?

Any major examples of auxiliaries not just retreating but joining the opposing side?

How did the Romans respond if so?

Cheers.

Specifically Trafford Leigh Mallory.

There were many cultural and economic differences, I'm sure, but were any drastic enough to play into the conflict that became the Civil War? I wrote a paper regarding the mid-1800's earlier this semester and now I am genuinely curious about this topic.

I have recently been reading the book. It's by Ramchandra Guha. How accurate/biased is the book? The Wikipedia page contains very little information. Any suggestions for Indian history in this period(1950 onwards) are welcome too.