Who financed privateers? Where did they get their crews and armaments from? What was the authorization process like?

Hi! I have an assignment where I need to analyze a primary source from the 20th century but have no idea what a good source would be to do concerning the civil rights movement. I was looking into MLK's response to the clergymen, but I would like a few options. Any suggestions would be greatly appreciated. Thank you!

Hi, honestly I’m doing research for a short story I’m writing and I’m trying to figure out what music was popular in 1860s-1880s Russia? Does anyone know of any composers or certain genres that were popular? Thank you and have a great day💕

I was looking at a thread about what country is best represented in a color, then I realized that I do not know the story of communism and its symbolic color. Every iteration of communism and other extreme leftisms that I know of is associated heavily with the color red. Why is that so?

The Rajputs began as rivals to Babur but by the time of Aurangzeb they formed a core part of the Mughal Empire's military and political might. Was this change in the relationship controversial within the Rajput states? Were there different political factions in Rajasthan that were pro and anti Mughal? How did the Rajputs deal with other groups that challenged Mughal authority (i.e. the Afghans, Sikhs, and Marathas)?

I remember hearing that the majority of American soldiers on D-Day had never before seen combat.

I'm aware that some firearms, at least flint-lock muskets, were present in west Africa before the colonial period. My understanding is that they were initially obtained through trade with Europe, after which local gunsmiths emerged in some areas. Is this accurate? What is the history of firearms in Africa (either west Africa in particular, or over a broader geographic area) prior to colonization?

after playin WT for 3 years i had this question, i've seen a lot of anwsers, from ¨the pilots liked it¨ to ¨they saw the pilots as expensable soo they didnt need soo much ammo¨ and i wanted to ask here.

I know it probably varies greatly depending on the time period and region, but generally, how did medieval Christian states treat Muslims living in them or traveling through them? I know a bit about how they treated the Jews in their borders, and how Christians were treated in medieval Muslim states, but I don't really know anything about how Christian states treated their Muslim inhabitants.

What were their lives like? Were there any restrictions on what they could do or how they could live? Did they have to pay special taxes?

I'd be interested to know.

I know he initially opposed it but later supported giving voting rights to those blacks who fought in the war. But I assume there's more to it than that

The book The KGB Plays Chess by Boris Gulko, Yuri Felshtinsky, Vladimir Popov, and Viktor Korchnoi, alleges some pretty wild measures that the Soviet government took to ensure that Anatoly Karpov remained the World Chess Champion.

For background: Korchnoi challenged Karpov for the World Chess Championship in 1978 and 1981. Gulko is a former Soviet chess player and chess writer. Vladimir Popov is a retired KGB polkovnik. Felshtinsky is a historian of 20th and 21st century Russia. Gulko is the primary author.

It alleges (among other things):

• That Anatoly Karpov was himself a KGB agent (codename: Raul).

• That the KGB had a contingency plan to poison Karpov's challenger, Viktor Korchnoi, in 1978 should it appear that Korchnoi was going to win his match against Karpov. (Korchnoi was a Soviet defector, and supposedly the concept of allowing a defector to win the World Championship was unacceptable). Korchnoi lost the match, and so this plan was never carried out.

• That Karpov was strongly favored by the Soviet chess establishment in part because he was one of the few top chess players at the time who was not Jewish.

• That Kasparov was under constant surveillance by the KGB in the early 1980s, who concluded that he had liberal, democratic, and humanist political leanings that were unacceptable to the Soviet government. This supposedly led to the Communist Party and Soviet Chess Federation attempting to prevent Kasparov from becoming World Chess Champion.

• That the President of the World Chess Federation (FIDE), Florencio Campomanes, was a Soviet intelligence asset who was on the KGB's payroll (along with International Olympic Committee President Juan Antonio Samaranch). And that Campomanes called off the Karpov-Kasparov match in 1984 so as to prevent Karpov from losing the match (after he had just lost two games in a row).

• That, while Karpov was entitled to an automatic rematch with Kasparov under the rules in place while he was World Chess Champion, FIDE changed the rules while Kasparov was World Champion to remove the automatic rematch, with the explicit intention to prevent Kasparov from winning any subsequent rematch should he lose.

I'm rather skeptical of a lot of these claims, especially given that both Gulko and Korchnoi are Soviet defectors with an axe to grind. I know Kasparov has claimed that the Soviet chess establishment tried to prevent him from becoming World Champion, but I've never heard him explain why.

Is any of this stuff true? This book seems to be the only pertinent source I can find, and I'm rather skeptical about a lot of this information unless there are other sources confirming this.

French troops and savants brought with them Egypt's first printing press. Did the Directory plan to make use of it as part of some long-term plan in mind that would involve establishing schools and spreading French enlightenment or republican ideas among the locals in the hopes of creating an educated ruling class? Or was this merely a colonial venture aimed at replacing France's lost possessions in the Caribbean?

I would also greatly appreciate book suggestions on this particular topic, in any language.

I am aware that before both of these presidencies you had steps taking in the so called "civilising" mission(a racist euphemism) that set the stage for the boarding schools of Native Americans. The Civilisation Act of 1819 for instance set a long term step in this regard.

What I am interested in though isn't the preceding steps that led to the American residential schools for Native Americans. I'm interested in figuring out the official date that the first residential school in the United States was opened. Or at least clearing up confusion. Because the first American residential school that I see is the Carlisle Industrial school was said to be set up in 1879. If that's the case that would have been during the presidency of Rutherford B Hayes(1877-1881). This however is confusing to me for this reason.

I'm operating out of a Canadian context and just like the United States, we had residential schools here. Our first Prime Minister John A Macdonald set them up and one of the key mechanisms was through what was called the Davin Report. Nicholas Davin was a prominent Parliamentarian who made the key recommendations to set up these schools and his basis for this was studying the American educational system and speaking to the so called "5 civilised tribes". Now the timeline here is that he begins his study in 1878 and completes it early 1879. That is right before the Carlisle Residential School which would mean the Canadian residential school system started before the American one. However our historical studies when it comes to truth and reconciliation in Canada seem to make it clear that Nicholas Davin was studying policies that were put in place under Ulysses S Grant for John A Macdonald to implement. So I am trying essentially to figure out what precise date American residential schools started, and whether they started before the Canadian ones. That's the confusion I am trying to clear up.

I'm wondering what the difference between the two are, and why it's important to separate the two?