Save volunteering - how would a man end up being in the front rank of a column or a line during a battle? Who would be in the rear line?

In Roman tactics; Hastati or the youngest were the front line infantry and Triarii or the oldest men were the rear line. (I'm logically excluding the skirmishing troops) and they took turns being at the very front, they would keep swapping troops in the very front so they always had a fresh fighter.

1. However, in Napoleonic times - was this also the case? Were the youngest placed in the front lines (excluding skirmishers and forlorn hopes).

2. Would the front line be considered a forlorn hope? Would it only be volunteers or the soldiers took turns being rotated? And then would they have a similar system of having soldiers at the front being rotated with fresh troops in the rear (as how could you stay alive for long a the front)?

3. And what system did the cavalry have?

I do not know if my question's title sounds sensible but I figured that since I would lay out my questions more here, it would do.

1. My first question concerns the royals of England. I understand that Henry VIII started the tradition of referring to Kings and queens by "his/her majesty" but before then what was the most common address of a King or Queen? Was it "Your Highness" or "Your Grace" or something different?

2. Did the titles of Princes and Princesses change in accordance when the King's title was "bumped up"? What title were they using before and if they did change, what did they use? Has a Prince/Princess also been referred to as "Your Highness"?

3. When did positions and titles like Duke, Earl, Marquess, Baron and others come to be? I understand that Dukes are referred to in the present day as 'Your Grace' but has that always been the case? How did these titles come to be? Who made the decision to add dukes and the like to the feudal mix?

I am sorry. This has been on my mind for what feels like forever since I found out that Kings were not always 'Majesties" and the questions piled on from there. Thank you for taking time out of your day to answer these questions.

I'm wondering how realistic the classic depiction of a western gunfight is and how often did stuff like that actually occur?

After discovering them in Peter Frankopan's "Silk Roads", I was fascinated by the history of the Khazars, a Turkic steppe empire which held judaism as their state religion. However, I was even more intrigued by the fact that once their empire fell, their culture seems to have "vanished".

I have recently stumbled upon the hypothesis that Ashkenazi communities were actually descended from the Khazars. However, the wikipedia article very quickly shoots down this theory, claiming it has been used by antisemitic or anti-zionist groups. One does indeed stumble upon very... weird... blogs when googling the word "Khazar".

However, the hypothesis seems to be defended by some respected if controverted authors, like Shlomo Sand.

What is the general historical consensus on the Khazar hypothesis, and if they indeed have no relation with the Ashkenazis, then what happened to them?

I know the Orbit of Skylab decayed rapidly but What did NASA do to cause that to happen?

Hello everyone, I would like to read an in-depth biography about the Roman emperor Nero. Can anyone recommend a title? English language books are fine. Please, only books which are not older than ten years so they are up to date. Thank you very much for your time!

Was it really about the inability to communism and capitalism to exist? Or was it really just a struggle between the two major power blocs that would have happened regardless of ideology?

It's all in the title, did the ancient Greeks believe their myths were factual or did they actually consider them as myths?

Not sure if I am allowed to ask this question on here. But I'm willing to give it a shot. Hi everyone. I am majoring in History and I plan on applying for a MA in Hebrew Bible for Fall 2021. This semester in my last year I have to write a final research paper. My professor recommended me to try an do it on Nestorian Christianity in China since he knows I want to get into Biblical Studies. I was wondering if they anybody had links to translation of the Jingjiao Documents? Is anyone here a historian on the church of the East in China? I did not know where else to ask. I got a annotated bibliography for this topic but most sources are out of print. A sample bibliography:

Baum, W., Winkler, D. (2010). The Church of the East: A Concise History. Routledge; Reissue edition.

Beggiani, Seely. J. (2014). Early Syriac Theology. Washington: Catholic University of America Press.

Drake, F. S. (1935). The Nestorian Literature of the Tang Dynasty. In The Chinese Recorder, 66.

Ferreira, Johan. (2014). Early Chinese Christianity: The Tang Christian Monument and Other Documents. Sydney: St Paul’s Publications.

Halbertsma, Tjalling H. F. (2008). Early Christian Remains of Inner Mongolia: Discovery, Reconstruction and Appropriation. Leiden: Brill.

Hunter, Erica C. D. (1992). Syriac Christianity in Central Asia. Zeitschrift Für Religions-Und Geistesgeschichte, 44, 4.

Hunter, Erica C. D. (2009). Persian contribution to Christianity in China: Reflections in the Xi'an Fu Syriac inscriptions. In Winkler, Dietmar W., and Li Tang. Hidden Treasures and Intercultural Encounters: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia. 1.1, Wien: Piscataway.

Keevak, Michael (2008). The Story of a Stele: China's Nestorian Monument and Its Reception in the West, 1625-1916. HK: HKU Press.

Legge, James (1888). The Nestorian Monument of Hsi-an Fu in Shen-hsi, China. London: Trubner& Co.

Malek, Roman. ed. (2009). Jingjiao: The Church of the East in China and Central Asia. Sankt Augustin: Institut Monumenta Serica.

Mingana, A. (1925). The Early Spread of Christianity in Central Asia and the Far East: A New Document. In Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 9, 2.

Moffett, Samuel Hugh. (1992). A History of Christianity in Asia, Vol. I: Beginnings to 1500. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco.

Moule, A. C. (1930). Christians in China before the Year 1550. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.

Saeki, P. Y. (1916). The Nestorian Monument in China. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.

Saeki, P. Y. (1933-4). The Translation of the Fragments of the Nestorian Writings. In China Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Shanghai, LXIV-LXV.

Saeki, P. Y. (1937). The Nestorian Documents and Relics in China. Tokyo: the Maruzen Company Ltd.

Saeki, P. Y. (1951). The Nestorian Documents and Relics in China. Tokyo: Toho BunkwaGakuin.

Saeki, P. Y., C. E. Couling (1925). The Luminous Religion: Nestorian Christianity in China. London: The Carey Press.

Stewart, John. (1928). Nestorian Missionary Enterprise: The Story of a Church on Fire. India: Mar Narsai Press.

Sun, Jianqiang. (2018). The Earliest Statements of Christian Faith in China? A Critique of the Conventional Chronology of the Messiah Sutra and on One God. Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies, 18, 2.

Tang, Li (2002). A Study of the History of Nestorian Christianity in China and its Literature in Chinese: Together with a New English Translation of the Dunhuang Nestorian Documents. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.

Wigram, W. A. (1910). An Introduction to the History of the Assyrian Church 100-640 C.E. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.

The established narrative of the Space Race began with JFK's 1961 speech to put a man on the moon. In 1969, this goal was achieved by the American space program. Did the Soviets "accept the challenge" of also putting a man on the moon or were the priorities of their space program directed elsewhere? What did the Soviet narrative of space exploration look like in the 1960s in response to the JFK speech and then with the moon landing? What did it look like for the decades after the Americans successfully landed on the moon? Did it focus more on the Soviet plan to construct a space station or send missions to, let's say Venus? Did other countries (China, India, etc) offer a counter-narrative to the lunar-centric Space Race?

Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates have come up with compelling philosophies and their words continue to be studied. But I've never heard anything for Diogenes other than his weird stunts like the time he crashed Plato's lecture just to disprove what he said on humans being featherless bipeds.

I am more thinking about words describing life/activities/experiences, as I assume whenever there's a technological boom, word creation goes along with it as you have to have words to describe the new things that didn't exist before. That being said, I certainly don't mind information about how tech word creation happens/when it did!

I can't remember where I read about this -- might have been in an intro to Montaigne -- but there used to be this medieval practice where someone would study up on a very worthy figure from the past (their life, their works and sayings etc.) and kind of make them into an imaginary friend. Then that famous person would be someone you could (in your imagination) turn to for advice, use as a model for right conduct etc. My question: was there a name for this practice, and are there any examples you could cite? The obvious one seems to be Dante with Virgil (expressed, of course, metaphorically in the Divine Comedy). Thanks.

Bohemia was the center of the Hussites, so why didn’t it accept a more prominent reform movement and instead remain Catholic?

As we all know, metric measurements aren't ever exactly equal to SAE measurements. I was just thinking: why is this? Where did metric even come from? Why do none of its measurements line up with the older system? It would make sense if millimeters were equal exactly to 1/16 of an inch, but they don't; they're an arbitrary length all their own, which makes conversion a nightmare and never exact. Also, in America anyone who works on cars or machines has to have two sets of wenches and sockets; one for SAE, one for metric, because you can't use a SAE wrench on a metric bolt and vice-versa; the sizes are always intermediate between each other for some reason. Metric and SAE scales are just completely out of sync. Why is this? What decided how long a millimeter is, and why is it nowhere close to a 1/16 of an inch? A yard isn't exactly equal to a meter either, and metric has nothing anywhere close to a foot. It has kilometers instead of miles, but that honestly makes sense given that its derived from meters. It doesn't change the fact though that the two systems don't have a single measurement that lines up exactly. How did this develop? I thought SAE was the older system, so in theory its measurements were still in use when metric was adopted, right? How could they be so different?

If known, I'm also curious how much the destroyed tea would be worth today.

I am curious to know how armies were raised and how many soldiers could be raised within a certain area, based on the population of the area, without disrupting and/or destroying the economy of the area?

And what kind of training did the soldiers receive, both the regular/conscripted soldiers (peasants), the more professional soldiers (standing army) and the knights.

I am more curious about the 11th-15 century period in Europe.

I came across this in an article I read a few months ago, but can't remember for the life of me where, and I'm finding Googling unsatisfactory. Would love to explore the field more though. Thanks.