I was wondering when we went from kind of owning people during the crusades to the slavery we saw during the Trans-Atlantic Trade. is there an in between there? also what about "court" during say Elizabeth 1 rule, was slavery a thing?

sorry if this is worded a bit weird. I'm a bit unsure of what the difference is between the slaves during those times.

A book I read (published in the 70s) claimed the above, stating that two of Akbar's sons drank themselves to death and that Jahangir was essentially a high functioning alcoholic.

It seems plausible, but equally could be propaganda (Safavid?) designed to portray them as bad Muslims.

Recently I googled about how the Japanese 3000+ tanks during the period from 1931-1939. Yet I dont really hear about Japanese tanks used in combat. Where did they use their tanks?

I thought the many variations of smith's, but mostly blacksmiths weren't that common back then, and that a village usually only had 1 of 2, but why is it the most common surname then?

This is something that rather confuses me, I've heard people say that he was very hopeful of passing reforms to get France through the crisis they faced during his reign, but then I hear other people say that he refused any sorts of reform.

Which is it? I've actually heard some say that he was okay with reforms, so long as his divine right to rule wasn't challenged, as was the case during the French Revolution.

For clarification, I just found out that US conception on how race is perceived was not generated through natural societal interaction, but actually constructed through laws and governance.

Is the Exodus considered a historical event? Did Moses exist? What does Egyptian History have to say about it?

This question has two parts or concepts within it, and it comes in the context of the latest numbers from the stock market indexes and the unemployment numbers. While we're currently in the middle of an American Recession, this the strongest rally of the stock market indexes in a 50 day period. At the time same time, the latest unemployment numbers, while not as high as estimated, are clearly very high, higher than during the Great Depression, with millions of Americans out of work. In this context, what is the relationship between the stock market and unemployment?

The first question/concept is, while in popular historical imagination, fuelled by stories of Al Capone and the Great Gatsby, the 1920s in American culture and history is remembered as a time of great prosperity and revelry, a party of riches that no one thought would stop. This may have been true for one section of society, as the stock market and its gains refused to stop growing, but the average American during that time was rural, poorly educated, highly likely to die from any number of diseases at a young age, and lived a life of penury and dire poverty. What I'm trying to figure out is, was the New Deal necessary for most Americans even without the 1929 Stock Market Crash and subsequent Depression?

The second question/concept is did the Stock Market crash lead to the Great Depression and its consequences for quality of life and unemployment for the majority of Americans. Again, the Crash certainly affected the new rich strongly, but did it impact employment and qualiy of life for most Americans significantly?

Finally, to put it in historical context, how bad is the current recession and its effects on unemployment relative to during the Great Depression? Which was a worse time?

Thank you!

John Albert had become King of Poland in June 1492. Only one month later the Lithuanians elected his younger brother Alexander to be Grand Duke. Their father,Casimir IV, had ruled with both titles.

Why the desire to split the rulership?

This question refuses to the standard playing card deck seen in casinos and on kitchen tables across America. Consisting of 4 suits of 13 cards plus a high and low joker that will be included or excluded depending on the game being played.

Hello all, I am currently going to be writing a paper to use as a writing sample (around 20 pages) for my masters applications. The paper is going to revolve around the Vikings and their warfare detailing the unique history of it. Currently I have 13 books which are listed below and would love some input on if I am missing any or should replace/remove any. Thank you in advance

(Warning not in a citation format):

Northmen: The Viking Saga 793-1241 by John Haywood

Viking Hersir 793–1066 AD (Warrior) by Mark Harrison

Weapons of the Viking Warrior by Gareth Williams

Swords of the Viking Age by Ian Peirce

Viking Weapons and Combat Techniques by William R. Short

Valkyrie: The Women of the Viking World by Jóhanna Katrín Friðriksdóttir

The Vikings and Their Enemies: Warfare in Northern Europe, 750-1100 by Philip Line

Viking Art of War by Paddy Griffith

Vikings at War by Kim Hjardar

Viking Warrior vs Anglo-Saxon Warrior: England 865–1066 (Combat) by Gareth Williams

The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings by Peter Sawyer

Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga by William F. Fitzhugh

The Viking World (Routledge Worlds) by Stefan Brink

We all know torture was used to make people give false confessions for which they were then punished or executed. We now know, comfessions given under torture have no value.

I'm curious though if there were people back then when this was being done, who questioned confessions gained like this?

One thing that always strikes me when I look at maps of Alexander's empire is how his original capital in Macedon is almost at the extreme Western end of everything. His conquests took him very far East, but his Westernmost border never pushed that far beyond his starting point at all. This seems counter-intuitive, as you'd imagine the sphere of his control would naturally radiate outward in all directions from its center of gravity. I know he had designs on the West, but I'm wondering why he extended himself so far in one direction before even considering a Western campaign.

Belgium is one nation divided into 3 distinct regions; the largely Dutch speaking region of Flanders, the largely French speaking region of Wallonia and the bilingual Capital Brussels. Their is also a small German speaking region in the East/South East.

These regions all have individual governing bodies, with the power shared equally between them, I believe.

I have heard in numerous instances that there is great rivalry, and perhaps disdain between the French speaking region of Wallonia, and the Dutch speaking region of Flanders. Flanders holds much of the industrial factories and harbours, and is often considered to be quite wealthy in relation to the agricultural heartlands of Wallonia.

My question is simply, is there a call from the respective peoples to join the nations of the languages they speak? This would end the nation of Belgium and would result in expanded territories for France and The Netherlands, (Maybe Germany also). Or is it sort of a sibling rivalry, where their love for one another is hidden with petty arguments, and they both realise their is strength in unity.

Hi! I'm writing a book set in 1830s Cornwall, and I need some help figuring out who would be in authority locally, who would do the policing, how the judicial system worked, etc. If anyone is familiar with these topics, please DM me. Thanks!

Were there simply no rules regarding capitalization or were the rules different?

An example, John Adams writing about the Boston Massacre.

The Part I took in Defence of Cptn. Preston and the Soldiers, procured me Anxiety, and Obloquy enough. It was, however, one of the most gallant, generous, manly and disinterested Actions of my whole Life, and one of the best Pieces of Service I ever rendered my Country. Judgment of Death against those Soldiers would have been as foul a Stain upon this Country as the Executions of the Quakers or Witches, anciently.

As the Evidence was, the Verdict of the Jury was exactly right. This however is no Reason why the Town should not call the Action of that Night a Massacre, nor is it any Argument in favour of the Governor or Minister, who caused them to be sent here. But it is the strongest Proofs of the Danger of Standing Armies.

Hello I am a Asian immigrant to America. I did not grow up in the school here. I want to educate on the issues black Americans have faced in history. When I ask people told me the Tulsa Race Massacre, but I do not know what else happened in America. What else has happened? Did more things happen? I know some history of slavery and some of Civil Rights. It is easy find that history but it is not easy to find other information at my library. What should I read or watch to learn more about this? Did anything similar happen to Asians in America? I know about internment camps but that is it.