I was reading the original pdf of a book published in early 1800s.

It's my first original source reading. It was very difficult to read, due to spelling change because of s. Also, last s is not replaced. And double s is also not replaced.

Was something wrong with this book ? Printer mistake ? Editing mistake ?

Here is the name of the book :

Historical Fragments of the Mogul Empire, of the Morattoes, and of the English Concerns in Indostan, from the Year M, DC, LIX [By R. Orme]. to Which Is Prefixed an Account of the Life of the Author  

I know that kings and queens of indo-european languages address their monarchs as your Majesty or its variants in their respective languages.

How did the Romans or more specifically the Eastern Roman Empire address their monarchs as. And do they grovel or bow when in the presence of the emperors ?

An example is The Kingdom of Heaven. Another example although not medieval is the opening of Gladiator.

'Send the messengers head back' seems to be recurring theme in film/tv generally dealing with medieval Europe, or fictional societies inspired by it.

Was this actually common? What were the social reactions to such an act if it is recorded?

I'm interested in learning about European history from 1648-1815. If anyone has book suggestions for that time period, that would also be helpful.

I know this might be a weird question,but is there any physical evidence that Jesus did,in fact, exist as in the way Muhammad did (he left a state behind him so surely he did exist) p.s I am not trying to make it relegious. Im just a curious soul

Basically the title and am also wondering did they know how those weapons worked how to make them unjammed and where they as proficient with weapons from the enemy as they where with their own weapons

I realize that they left a much bigger wound and the person hit would be much more likely to die, but on the other hand, bows were more accurate, quieter, quicker to ‘reload’, arrows are reusable, etc etc. So back in the early days of muskets, were they really superior to bows?

Nowadays if you wanted to make a point that someone is really evil, you might compare them to Hitler. But before Hitler came into power, who was considered the most evil person ever to exist? And did people make comparisons to this person in the same manner as modern comparisons to Hitler?

I'm thinking more along the lines of Deutschland vs. Germany, Bharat vs. India, rather than the anglicization of names that conform to English pronunciation.

Hello, I was watching a show on hulu and it showed an SS soldier using an m1 garand. Is it true they took them off dead US soldiers and used them?

I read on Wikipedia about the Werewolf group and a few small units of SS soldiers who were still fighting during and after the capitulation. Was there any larger kind of pro Nazi resistance movement against the Soviets or the Western Allies?

I'm a British economic liberal who understands a bit about the ideologically driven famines, failures of collectivisation, and mass executions and purges of this period.

Can anyone elaborate on the successes the USSR might have seen regarding median wealth, military might, quality of life etc? To what extent would you attribute these to central planning and/or collectivisation?

P.S I'm not interested in smaller scale achievements like space programs, winning athletics medals etc.

I'm doing a research paper on Archbishop William Laud and his role in the English Civil War. I know that his involvement with the Bishops' Wars and his changes to English churches were a main factor in causing the war, but what I can't find are his opinions on the civil war itself. Did he approve? Did he expect it? I'm just wondering if anyone has any insight on this or knows of any good resources!

Was visiting a hospital or a doctor to get treatment something people paid for, in Russia before the Revolutions? Also, is it different based on class, employment or educational level? And in what ways?

The Timeframe I mean is specifically 1850 - 1917.

Reason I am looking for this: I am reading a Biographies of the time and the People that get injured talk about their hospital stays, they don't mention any difficulty having to pay for the treatment, although these same people have problems affording train tickets or food.

Or was the nobility German with the peasantry being slavic Czech? Kinda like the Germans in Livonia with Baltic peasants?

So I recently moved to a small town in Georgia where confederate flags and memorials are pretty common which got me thinking about the civil war. Obviously it was over slavery. I’m not saying it wasn’t. Rather, my question is regarding whether the issue of slavery was the primary motivation for poor whites given that only the top 20% of the population owned slaves. Were the lower class white people fed propaganda or misinformation about states’ rights and is this a possible reason that the states rights myth is still so prevalent?

I was reading about German tank commander Wittman, who was a "tank ace" with a very famous ambush under his belt.

It seems the consensus is he broke practically every rule of engagement and lucked out once in said ambush, and got himself killed with the same carelessness not long after.

Early in the war, German tanks were (mostly?) superior to other tanks they were facing. Did this lead to tank crews leaning on their superior armor as a crutch, which hurt them later in the war once Allied tanks were capable of penetrating German armor?

I'm very interested in how estimates of the populations of ancient cities are established, particularly for cities of the prehistoric or protohistoric era, such as Çatalhöyük in Turkey (which Wikipedia lists as having a population of ~1000 c. 7000 BCE) or Uruk in modern Iraq (which has been estimated to have ~45,000 residents around 3000 BCE, to cite Wikipedia again). One factor that seems like it should matter would be the productivity of agricultural or pastoral work undertaken by the residents, and another would be the number of homes discovered in a particular layer. But, even if we can estimate productivity, how do we know how many individuals lived in a given domicile? How do we account for people living in structures made of materials that weren't easily preserved, such as wood, thatch or other organic matter? And how are these factors collated to give a single estimate of population size?