I’m reading about the end of the Middle Ages in Europe and there is a lot about the Holy Roman Empire and it’s various kingdoms. It seemed to me that the various kingdoms often fought and didn’t always act cohesively.

Therefore, how did the Holy Roman Empire coexist with the various kingdoms with individual kings that they ruled over? Where did true power reside? How unified did the various kingdoms in the HRE feel? How did kings rule over the empire and their own individual kingdom at the same time?

Also how in the world did Richard of Cornwall (son of King John of England), get elected to be Kjng of Germany? Do they just elect any member of a royal family in Europe?

Although not part of my school’s curriculum I’m quite interested to learn!

When I read about "tribes of ancient Greece," or other non-American peoples, what does that refer to? Is it a system of government? Is it just shorthand for a general sense of primitiveness and being non-settled or non-centralized? Is it not really a useful term when used outside of the context of the Americas?

Ostensibly South Vietnam's army, in conjunction with the US army, was fighting against the spread of the communist rule of the North...but is that really want South Vietnam's citizenry wanted? It seems like a lot of villages hid Viet Cong guerillas, whether willingly or not, and obviously were the recipients of much brutality and destruction from US forces. It also seems like a lot of VC/NVA fought primarily for an end to imperialism more so than communism as an ideology. Did people in SV seek reunification and an end to imperialism like those in NV? If so, what was their drive in working with US forces? What were they seeking from the war?

Additionally, is this related to the war being termed the "American War" in Vietnam, as opposed to a civil war?

Thanks for your insight!

I assume this is a stupid question but I was under the impression that with Antony's defeat at the battle of Actium and his eventual suicide in Eygpt Octavian had all records of him destroyed, along with the banishment of his name - essentially an attempt to erase him from the history books. I've always wondered where the material surrounding his story has come from. Would love to learn a bit more about it. Any and all replies are much appreciated!

Also, an edit: I am not sure how modify the title but to clarify I should have written Roman Republic.

Me and my friend were arguing about this. He said it was Greek as the dominant language was Greek and that their culture was very similar to the Greek culture. I think that the Byzantine Empire was Roman because they were the Roman Empire up to the siege of Constantinople.

So I’m a model builder and I need your help. I wanna know what tanks where used by the Serbs during the balkan-war (most specifically the Bosnian war). I’m thankful for any help, as google didn’t help me find this info.

I'm mostly interested in how the printing press changed monastic life, and how sudden that change was.

I recently went to a museum that had a German fighter plane in it (not sure which one) and I noticed that the guns were behind the propellers, how did they shoot without hitting the propellers?

I was reading another recent thread that mentioned it but I've never heard of this happening.

Both seem to be small islands in unknown territory, summer would suck winter would be way worse. How did they keep supplies and food? How was a small dislodged group able to hold off in these conditions?

It seems a bit unbelievable that they would deny it since they would've noticed that some items were missing.

What were "gold sheets" used for soldiers' pay? Was that a slang term used during the 1790's or just an actual sheet of gold?

Where would be the best place to go for military maps from the 1790's from my local area?

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Thanks in advance and any link/pics would be appreciated!

This is in reference to Jack Sheldon's The German Army at Ypres where he mentions several times that shore bombardment from Royal Navy cruisers, one pre-dreadnought and one monitor posed a serious problem for the attacking Germans as they could not form up or manuevre along the coastal areas. The naval bombardment was described as accurate and destructive. I am very curious about this as this is the first time I am reading about this. I would like to know if there are any other historical sources that delve into this matter.