How Did American Schools Handle Outbreaks of the Spanish Flu & Polio?

Schools seem like a ready-made breeding ground for communicable diseases; I like to refer to my nieces as little petri dishes. But how did schools handle outbreaks of serious diseases like the Spanish Flu & Polio in the early 20th century? Did they have set responses, or was it all ad hoc?

1 Answers 2020-03-03

Medieval Catholic Church, important to scientific advancement or anti-intellectual?

As I came across a great answer here on this subreddit about how important the Church was to preserving the ancient world knowledge, a simple Google also had a New York Times book review about how early Christians were anti-intellectual.

I'm sure the matter is complex. I'm sure both has certain truth in them. I am mostly confused because one of my conductor friend, who would have studied history from music perspective, said she was mad to learn how much of the Greek music notes did not survive because of Catholic suppression and we will never know how they sounded.

So, how should we approach these opposing views?

1 Answers 2020-03-03

Spartans apparently had no written laws or records. Athens was excellent at keeping laws and records but hated the Spartans almost as much as they hated the Persians. How do we know that Spartas current history isn't a clever slander by Athens?

There is so much nonsense involved with Sparta in its heyday that I'm absolutely not surprised about but just realized that Athens was more intellectual and record based. How do we know that Athens didn't hate Sparta so much that they labeled the city state in history as murderous pedophelliac slave drivers? Even though said practices were more common than not probably?

2 Answers 2020-03-03

Why were women in the 16th and 17th centuries more likely to be accused of witchcraft? Was it purely because of the patriarchal systems of the church and state or were there other factors?

1 Answers 2020-03-03

I am a British Captain of a destroyer who is escorting a convoy in 1917. A submarine opens fire what do I do?

Since submarines were relatively new in WW1 and there weren’t any proper countermeasures to fight back against them so what would Allied Convoy ships do in WW1 to avoid getting destroyed by German U-boats in WW1

1 Answers 2020-03-03

When and why did the Israelites abandon polygamy and adopt monogamy?

1 Answers 2020-03-03

How much did Mao actually contribute to the modernisation of China?

I have recently come across several relatively new journals and articles that depict China’s modernisation as a feat largely attributed to Deng Xiaoping. (Cynically) Disregarding Mao’s economic policies’ huge cost of life, how much did he actually help to modernise and industrialise China?

1 Answers 2020-03-03

"U.S. aircraft dropped more ordnance on Laos than on all countries during World War II, leaving Laos with about 78 million pieces of unexploded ordnance (UXO) by the end of the war." How is this possible?

Wikipedia:

The U.S. dropped 2,756,941 tons of ordnance on 113,716 Laotian sites in 230,516 sorties between 1965 and 1973 alone. By September 1969, the Plain of Jars was largely deserted.

U.S. aircraft dropped more ordnance on Laos than on all countries during World War II, leaving Laos with about 78 million pieces of unexploded ordnance (UXO) by the end of the war. Casualties continue to mount from UXO dropped by the U.S. and Laotian Air Forces from 1964 to 1973. It has been reported that, between 1964 and 1973, areas controlled by the invading communist North Vietnamese and Pathet Lao were hit by an average of one B‑52 bomb-load every eight minutes, 24 hours a day. Xiangkhouang Province was the most heavily bombed province. Thirty percent of bombs failed to explode immediately.

The citation for the 78 million is to this PDF: Khamvongsa, Channapha; Russell, Elaine (2009). "Legacies of War: Cluster Bombs in Laos"

This is jaw-dropping, and raises many questions.

  1. Was a 30% failure-to-explode rate considered normal? How did this rate compare to rates in previous decades (e.g., WW2) or later ones (e.g., Persian Gulf War)?

  2. Is the figure of 78 million unexploded bombs a widely accepted estimate?

  3. Given some calculation (see below), and assuming the numbers in the quoted passage are accurate, we can infer either (a) a low number of planes per mission along with a high number of bombs per plane (like 5 & 226), (b) a high number of planes per missions along with a low number of bombs per plane (like 200 & 6), or (c) somewhere between the two. Which is closest to the truth?

Calculations

To bastardize the Drake equation, to achieve u = 78 million unexploded bombs we can multiply together:

  • Number of missions m: 230,516 (over nine years this implies 70/day on average)

  • Average number of planes per mission p: ?

  • Average number of bombs per plane b: ?

  • Probability that a bomb will fail to explode f: 30%

The two parameters to be estimated bear the relationship b = u/(m*p*f), or, equivalently, p = u/(m*b*f). Plugging in the known values of u, m, and f, we have:

  1. b = 78,000,000 / ( 230,516 * p * 30%)

  2. p = 78,000,000 / ( 230,516 * b * 30%)

In other words, allowable pairs of b and p include:

Planes/Mission Bombs/Plane
10 113
20 56
30 38
40 28
50 23
60 19
70 16
80 14
90 13
100 11

Thanks!

P.S. I see that adjacent questions have been asked previously (e.g., here and here), but don't quite touch what I'm looking for.

Edit: formatting

1 Answers 2020-03-03

Best of February - Voting Thread!

Time to vote for the best answers of February 2020! Upvote your favorites (plural!); add links to any answers you think belong on this list.

13 Answers 2020-03-03

We often hear about European diseases decimating native populations due to lack of exposure. Why wasnt this a reciprocal exchange??

Why weren't European settlers/explorers/conquerors affected by contact with unfamiliar diseases to the extent that indigenous people were?

1 Answers 2020-03-03

Was matchmaking a real job in 'the old country'?

We've all heard of people like Yente the Matchmaker who seemed to play a strong role in deciding the romantic fates of youth in the old country. How realistic was this?

Was matchmaking a formal profession that families would turn to or were they just the village busy bodies? Were they paid or tipped for their service?

1 Answers 2020-03-03

Why didn't the U.S just invade Japan instead of island hoping in WW2?

1 Answers 2020-03-03

Kropotkin wrote that "food, dwellings, and clothing" were what must be secured in order to ensure a revolution would have popular support. Was clothing really as contentious an issue in his time as the first two?

Food and housing struggles are still incredibly common in the world today, and are often are what contemporary leftists are railing against in their critiques of society. But, it feels like lack of access to clothing isn't really brought up anymore, despite taking up an entire section in The Conquest of Bread. Were clothing shortages really as big of an issue in the 1890s as lack of access to food or shelter? And if so what factors lead to this not being the case anymore? What changed so that we have relatively easy access to clothing today?

1 Answers 2020-03-03

Was the American Civil War really about slaves or was it about preservation of the union?

Recently Ive looked into causes of the American Civil War and the overall timeline of the war starting from Bloody Kansas.

I got to the part where i read about the emancipation proclamation in 1863 and started to think about why it was enacted in the middle of the war and came to the conclusion that European powers where getting antsy about the lack of cotton imports and may have been getting ready to take action.

So is the view that the American Civil War was never about slavery or states rights but instead about Preservation of the Union, Correct in this sense or am i missing something?

2 Answers 2020-03-03

Did medieval Middle-Eastern monarchs have crowns, crown jewels, and coronations? What were the Middle Eastern symbols of royal power, and how were their reigns formalized?

1 Answers 2020-03-03

How Openly Could A Bisexual Black Woman Live In The 1950s?

I was reading about Sister Rosetta Thorpe, the Godmother of Rock & Roll, and in mentioning her relationships with women:

we learn that Tharpe was bisexual and lived as openly as she possibly could in that period

What does this mean, exactly? How did she balance her public marriages to men and relationships with women? Was there pushback from the homophobic 1950s authorities against this?

1 Answers 2020-03-03

How did early cataphracts stay in the saddle?

I know that the Romans had the four-horned saddle and that the Sassanids also had some pretty good saddles, but cavalrymen were fighting as cataphracts long before this. Given the immense weight of their armour and that they were using lances, how did they stay on their horses?

1 Answers 2020-03-03

Given the power of Arthurian legend why was Arthur not a more popular name for English/British kings? Henry VII’s son is the only one I am aware of.

1 Answers 2020-03-03

How were Koreans treated under Imperial Japan, especially compared to other races?

As a Korean American, I often hear about how terribly my people were treated by the Japanese during the colonial period in Korea. However, I also hear from different sources that varied on how they were treated relatively better compared to other races, particularly other Asians and white people, especially from Allied countries like Britain and America. While I've heard the Japanese treated the Taiwanese better than Koreans, how did the treatment of Koreans compare to say Chinese people or American POWs?

I'm not trying to dismiss or downplay the actions of Imperial Japan, I'm just curious.

1 Answers 2020-03-03

Civil War

Why did soldiers 250 years ago march toward gun, and cannon fire? Was It an act of bravery or negligent foresight on the commanding officers in charge?

I've have read some publications that make the soldiers lives seem dispensable.

1 Answers 2020-03-03

How far can we trust the traditional account of Alexander the Great's conquests? Is it possible to separate the genuine "facts" from legend and romanticism?

The popular conception of Alexander the Great is that of a man who essentially single-handedly lead the Greeks to establish a great empire over the known world. Is this accurate, or is does that narrative ignore other key factors that allowed him to achieve as much as he did?

In addition, can his personal image be attributed to a posthumous (or contemporary!) "cult of personality," or can we accept without reservation the deified Alexander the Great that history has conveyed to us?

1 Answers 2020-03-03

Noble ranks and forms of address: HELP

Hi all! I have two questions: can you help me sort out the ranks of the nobility and how to address them?

Feudalism is crazy and complicated, but help me out as best you can. Below I will have ranks of noble titles in order of rank the higher you are on the list the higher your title is). Could you fill in any gaps I have and make any corrections. Let’s assume this is the 1200 or 1400s Britain.

The King- Your Majesty Prince- Your Highness Duke- Your Grace Earl/Count- Your Excellency? Baron- also your Excellency?? Knights- Sir.

Also, where do margraves, baronets, and viscounts fit in?

1 Answers 2020-03-03

We've all heard the story of the Soviets being under-equiped with a soldier having the gun and another with the ammo. How accurate is that myth?

1 Answers 2020-03-03

Was it legal for the south to secede from the union?

Had a fruitless discussion about this in class hoping some of you can clear the air

1 Answers 2020-03-03

How was Elvis Presley viewed by black musicians during the 1950s and 1960s?

It seems the biggest criticism of Elvis Presley was that he "stole" black music and it made him popular. Regardless if that statement is true or not he did cover many songs that were originally recorded by black artists and musicians. Did any contemporary black artists have any opinions either positive or negative of Elvis during that time?

1 Answers 2020-03-03

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