I am doing a school project on the House of Habsburgs rise to power and I am focusing specifically on rudolf the first king of germany. I cannot find any primary sources on him and could really use some help finding them. I am looking for any documents written by him or about him during his lifetime. Also if the documents could be translated to English that would be very helpful.
2 Answers 2020-01-22
1 Answers 2020-01-22
Are there any books that go into great detail about the war economy in WW2.
2 Answers 2020-01-22
Please Be Aware: We expect everyone to read the rules and guidelines of this thread. Mods will remove questions which we deem to be too involved for the theme in place here. We will remove answers which don't include a source. These removals will be without notice. Please follow the rules.
Some questions people have just don't require depth. This thread is a recurring feature intended to provide a space for those simple, straight forward questions that are otherwise unsuited for the format of the subreddit.
Here are the ground rules:
Top Level Posts should be questions in their own right.
Questions should be clear and specific in the information that they are asking for.
Questions which ask about broader concepts may be removed at the discretion of the Mod Team and redirected to post as a standalone question.
We realize that in some cases, users may pose questions that they don't realize are more complicated than they think. In these cases, we will suggest reposting as a stand-alone question.
Answers MUST be properly sourced to respectable literature. Unlike regular questions in the sub where sources are only required upon request, the lack of a source will result in removal of the answer.
Academic secondary sources are prefered. Tertiary sources are acceptable if they are of academic rigor (such as a book from the 'Oxford Companion' series, or a reference work from an academic press).
The only rule being relaxed here is with regard to depth, insofar as the anticipated questions are ones which do not require it. All other rules of the subreddit are in force.
26 Answers 2020-01-22
As the title states. Of course, there would have been a combination of both motives, but I am curious as to what was the dominant reason for the campaigns was. Were there any other factors?
1 Answers 2020-01-22
1 Answers 2020-01-22
I’m working on a high fantasy story and I have a question about warfare. My story has the back drop of a war that has lasted several generations (300ish years) fought by the four or five nations. So my question is, what are some historical reasons why a war could last that long? (Using the 100 years war as a historical reference)
2 Answers 2020-01-22
2 Answers 2020-01-22
Watching Ken Burns' The Civil War made me wonder about American accents. Wikipedia suggests the influx of English speakers from all the various regions of Britain obviously led to a certain mixing and levelling of accents. Do we know when the first recognisably 'separate' American accent developed? In other words, around what time would a visitor from Britain have come to America and heard an accent that he wouldn't recognise from home?
1 Answers 2020-01-22
I should have specified paid work.
1 Answers 2020-01-22
1 Answers 2020-01-22
We know that Han as an ethnicity has its roots in the late Qing, but I have recently heard the idea that race and nationhood developed from the Qianlong Emperor. Can this be elaborated on? Thank you!
2 Answers 2020-01-22
The English modern police forces where taking shape during the early 19th century, along side a fierce anti-police movement that feared the idea of a modern, centralized force as a tool of the government. When the British took possession of Iraq, Palestine and Trans-Jordan, was there any established law enforcement forces in these areas of the Ottoman Empire? How did the British incorporated those to their system, and did it create a similar anti-police sentiments as was the case in the British homeland?
1 Answers 2020-01-22
Have there been scientifically proven refutations of any of his descriptions?
1 Answers 2020-01-22
Working on a mod for a game called Men of War Assault Squad 2, and am looking for historical balancing factors.
For instance I hope to reflect Soviet problems of providing logistics to the front by increasing ammo/transport cost. Similarly Axis nations will have lower amount of fuel in vehicles and have more expensive refueler buys.
1 Answers 2020-01-22
1 Answers 2020-01-22
German history from 1918-1945 is well known as being one of the most heavily researched topics in human history, yet some historians claim there is still much to uncover and also to revise (I read this two days ago in a journal article, I will update the post when I can add the info to cite it).
For the Germanists among you, which topics within this area jump out at you as being the more important or salient ones for historians to start or continue to delve into? For instance, is the structuralist versus intentionalist debate at or nearing a consensus stage? Have new (last 10 years) archival findings prompted Germanists to ask new questions, or reframe existing questions? What are the current 'trends' in Third Reich scholarship? And are they likely to change in the near future in your opinion? Lastly, is this still an exciting area to research, or is there some feeling perhaps that it has been mined to the point of excess or to the detriment of other important areas of historical inquiry?
1 Answers 2020-01-22
The Republic of China only had one set of direct elections (to the National Assembly, legislature, and presidency before it fled to Taiwan; how free and fair were they?
This was originally asked two years ago by kapparunner, but never answered, and I'm still interested!
1 Answers 2020-01-22
1 Answers 2020-01-22
I'd like to know everything I can about the history of apples in Mesopotamia, especially as it pertains to root grafting of desired cultivars. Here's what I've got so far:
The Sumerian word for "apple" is "hašhur," wr. *^(ĝeš)*hašhur; hašhur; ha-šu-ur2; or *^(ĝeš)*ha-šu-ur2
The Akkadian is hašhûru.
A bunch of casual apple-themed arboriculture books that turn up on an internet search seem to repeat the timeline assertions of [this Ohio State University Newsletter](https://southcenters.osu.edu/sites/southc/files/site-library/site-documents/HORT/newsletters/OhioFruitNews/Vol%204%20No%2024%20Aug%203%2000.pdf), so I tried to fact-check the veracity of the oldest ones.
The 5,000 BCE bit about Feng Li seems to be apocryphal; no such book as "The Precious Book of Enrichment" seems to exist, and the oldest Chinese reference to grafting that I could find was in Jia Sixie's Qimin Yaoshu, from the 6th century CE - it talks about grafting pears onto crabapples, and grafting persimmons. Had domesticated apples not made it China yet?
Back to the near east, there were indeed apple slices on a string found in the famous tomb of Puabi at the Royal Cemetery excavations of Ur III, identified as Malus orientalis, a potential candidate for being one of the genomic ancestors of domesticated apples: [Some food offerings from Ur]((https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0305440378900304?via%3Dihub)
Supposedly there were apple remains found at Jericho as early as 6500 BCE, but I can't find any reliable historical source for that claim - it might be from M. Hopf, *Plant Remains and Early Farming in Jericho,* 1969.
Next up, there's an account of an apple orchard sale by one Tupkitilla, an Assyrian from Nuzi, for the price of 3 sheep, circa 1500 BCE. This one seems so specific that it should be easy to find, but I can't track it down! The Nuzi tablets are well-known, but there are sure a lot of them. Any help here would be hugely appreciated.
It seems believable because I *did* find one reference to an apple orchard in the Old Babylonian period, belonging to a daughter of Sin-Muballit (~1750 BCE), so it's totally plausible, but I'd like to confirm it nonetheless given the erroneous info about Feng Li.
I'm really intrigued by something I noticed about the Sumerian cuneiform for "apple" - one of the written forms, *^(geš)*ha-šu-ur2 , could possibly (if I'm not mistaken?) be read as:
>(tree/wood determinative)+uncertain sign (found elsewhere in HA^(sar), "a vegetable," with "sar" being a common sign in plant-related words, meaning "garden" on its own) + hand + root)
A compound that's something like "tree-vegetable hand-root" sure sounds like root grafting, doesn't it?
In *Horticultural Reviews Volume 35* I found a section on the history of grafting, and here's what it says about Mesopotamia:
> III. HISTORICAL EVIDENCE
>A. Mesopotamia
>The evidence that grafting was used in ancient Mesopotamia is murky at best. Harlan (1995) speculates that grafting developed in Eurasia before classical times but offers no specific evidence. Circumstantial evidence for grafting is suggested by Harris et al. (2002) and Juniper and Maberly (2006) based on the text of a Sumerian cuneiform fragment dated approximately 1800BCE. The text, translated and interpreted by Lion (1992), refers to the transport of grapevine shoots to be replanted at Mari (present-day Iraq). However, Lion’s commentary does not mention grafting per se, and there is no reason to surmise that the vine shoots were intended as scions, because grape shoots root readily from hardwood cuttings, and cutting propagation was the standard method of grape propagation throughout the Middle East. The suggestion of Juniper and Maberly that gradual salinization of agricultural soils may have motivated farmers to graft edible but salt-intolerant grapes onto salt-tolerant wild grape rootstocks is a fascinating conjecture and if true would represent the first known use of grafting to take advantage of specific rootstock effects.
Finally, [this apple propagator's site](https://sonneruplund.dk/eng/applesmesopotamien.html) makes some bold claims about the history of Sumerian apple grafting, specifically that the 'tree of life' motif depicts a method of open-air root cultivation. That doesn't accord with any of the numerous other theories about that artwork that I've read, but what do you all think?
Thanks for your time!
edit: yikes, formatting changed since I posted here last, sorry for the ugly links edit2: I tried to fix the links and made it worse, what the heck has reddit done
1 Answers 2020-01-22
1 Answers 2020-01-22
Sure, they lost Soviet backing when Gorbachev pulled out, but did they not have enough police and military to preserve their own positions through violence after the fall of the USSR?
I know in some countries like Romania the army turned against the government, but this wasn't the case everywhere, was it?
Wasn't there at least one or two regimes who retained control of armed forces, but liberalised anyway?
Why would they do that? Wouldn't it be in their best interest to keep a tight grip, especially when they saw what happened to the other regimes that tried even partial liberalisation?
1 Answers 2020-01-22
Is it accurate that soldiers would attempt to storm an enemy checkpoint this close to the end of the war? How fast was the word spread of the Armistice?
1 Answers 2020-01-22
I’ve been getting more and more into the history around the Second World War recently and on a lot of documentaries they usually have an episode or so about the holocaust, but a question that’s plagued me from the beginning is if the German public knew about the systematic killing of the Jews? I mean there’s no way people didn’t notice the Jews and other minorities start to disappear and citizens of like Munich where there was a death camp practically in their back yard.
2 Answers 2020-01-22