During the 100 Years War, King John II was captured, so why wasn’t he forced off the throne and then Edward take it for himself?

Edit: John II, not Phillip VI

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When looking at many basic principles and theorems in maths, physics and whatnot they were mostly discovered by and named after ancient greeks, germans and the french. So I've been wondering whether that was actually the case or if that's my europe-centric history education bias speaking

A lot of names in New York are of Dutch origin (Ruislip, Van Dorn, etc.), which makes sense as the state was originally a Dutch trading post. I was curious when the spelling of New York's Harlem neighbourhood had the second 'a' dropped and why?

It's namesake in the Netherlands is Haarlem, near Amsterdam. Thank you very much!

Oh, if there's a better venue for this question (maybe there's an r/askanetymologist or something similar?), please point me there.

Excluding Hungary, all countries surrounding Romania have Slavic languages so why is Romanian a Romance language and why is Romania Francophile?

The recent Netflix movie The King shows the battle of Agincourt, and in the opening stages a large skirmish between two seemingly identical groups of men at arms takes place. How would these men, in full plate, be able to tell who they were actually supposed to attack?

I was wondering what happened to those political parties. Are they still around? Are you allowed to vote for them? Or have they been banned all together?

Apart from the Mideast and North Africa, the only other post-roman language substitution of this kind in or near Europe that I can think of is the introduction of Anglo-Saxon in England, which supplanted both the Celtic base language and (eventually) Latin (and later French) as prestige language.

Was it considered bad manners to attack during a Haka? In essence, what was the Haka protocol?

Relevant for Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, etc.

In the 1950s and 60s, would many people be aware that food shortages and repression were less common outside the USSR? Or was the repression effective enough that this awareness was not widespread?

I was reading about the history of Ice Cream and, according to my source, ice cream and frozen desserts date all the way back to Ancient Persia 1000-500 years B.C. It was also made with different recipes around the world and became popularized in Italy around the 1800s.

But my question is: how did they keep it from melting? I know there were ways of conserving food but Ice Cream is a cold treat. How did they do it? It even says that in Ancient Greece flavoured ice from the mountains was sold in markets and it truly left me baffled. How did it not melt?

I am under the impression that a lot land formerly dedicated to pasture or grassland in Europe, especially in and around the Alps, Upper Germany, and the central massif in France, has only been re-forested in the last seventy or so years. Is this the case?

What made these nordic conquerers give up their gods in exchange for this new religion? What was/were the triggers?

Scandinavians tell me it was via force - you either converted or were killed. Meanwhile, my Danish lit teacher posits that some German missionaries somehow managed to convince some Vikings to convert, and Catholicism slowly spread out and became more popular until it eventually replaced the Vikings' religion.

Edit: by Vikings, I mean from Scandinavia

Mostly interested in the early middle ages before the widespread adoption of forestry laws, but I understand how much worse records are for then. And honestly I'd be interested in "woodland crofters" it however they are called in any period, but there is a very strong cultural image of a specifically medieval recluse in the middle of the forest.

I understand this is a very sensitive subject that still affects the day to day lives of people today. How did the Israeli Government divide the previously Arab Palestinian land and property to new occupants? What was the process Palestinians were able to return to previously owned land in exchange for acceptance of the Israeli government?