Medieval Roman Numerals help needed!

Hello,

I’ve posted before about a treasure inventory that I’m deciphering for my dissertation. Previous problem was a translation issue. However this time I’m stumped at how some Roman numerals are presented.

I’ve attached an example of what’s stumping me. How do I read the smaller x’s after the number? text example

Please be kind as I’m still not used to this and am more at home deciphering Medieval English recipes. 😊

1 Answers 2019-09-14

The Allied forces' war crimes during the invasion of Europe

When people or documentaire talk about the WWII, they just mention the war crimes that committed by the the Axes and especially the Reich, but I have never heard someone mentioning the crimes committed by the Alleid, not only the Soviet Union but also on the western front, against the german civilians or others, which I am quite sure there were many.

1 Answers 2019-09-14

Who did the Nazis NOT kill during the Holocaust (Final Solution)?

[deleted]

1 Answers 2019-09-14

How did almost every "ancient" culture(e.g. China, aztecs, greece and other indian tribes) develop the idea of dragons independently? What is similar in all dragons across cultures, and which cultural understanding of dragons has shaped the modern idea of dragons the most?

5 Answers 2019-09-14

USSR’s role in Chinese civil war

Historians of reddit, to what extent did USSR play a significant role in ensuring the victory of the communists in 1949?

1 Answers 2019-09-14

Citation needed for basic facts? [x-post]

Hi all,

I am a historian currently writing up a grant proposal.

The history of the organisations I want to write about has hardly been covered in the literature before. The only study so far is an officially commissioned history that covers the basics. This, I mention in my literature review and say that this commissioned history is useful for basic facts but remains superficial.

Now, in my detailed proposal, I mention three specific international organisation I want to explore in detail. These international organisations are all mentioned in the commissioned history. My question is whether - after I mentioned that this commissioned history covers the basic history of my topic - I need to cite the commissioned history again when I mention the existence of these three international organisations for the first time [I mean the simple fact that they existed. Not any kind of interpretation/idea I might take from the commissioned history]? Or would that not be necessary given that I already mentioned the commissioned history before?

What I basically have is a sentence like:

"This study will investigate how international organisations, such as A and B in New York, managed their staff."

So in that case I would need to change it to: "This study will investigate how international organisations, such as A and B in New York (Smith 2009), managed their staff." ?

Also, I am wondering whether the mere existence of these three organisations is not simply common knowledge? If I type their names into google books etc. I will always get several results where people mention them in a different context.

Thanks!

[Crosspost from here: https://www.reddit.com/r/AskAcademia/comments/d3y8x4/citation_needed_for_basic_facts/]

1 Answers 2019-09-14

What did early christians do when they gathered during the first two or three centuries?

I was wondering primarily about customs, rites, prayers, etc. I understand the first gospel is Mark’s which was composed around 70. But how was it like before? How did the apparition of this new gospel affect the community? Was there any opposition or internal conflict because of the gospels?

1 Answers 2019-09-14

Histographical essay

Hello smart history people, It's me, a lowly dumdum. I have to gather resources (journal articles) for a historiographical essay. I am not asking for answers just a few historians names and the articles that explore the question:

'To what extent does the history of empires show that empires share common features across history?'

I struggle with histriographical arguments.

1 Answers 2019-09-14

In World War 2, Why Were Chemical Weapons (almost) Never Used In Combat?

With how effective chemical weapons were in World War 1 why were they never used in the European theater of war? (Japan did use chemical weapons)

My theory is because war was a lot less static then it was in World War 1 so it was harder to use. But on a under equipped army (example early soviets on defense) it could spread utter hell through the lines.

Would love to see what the actual reason by this was and if I was correct.
~Cheers

1 Answers 2019-09-14

Can anyone describe in detail the fall of the Roman Empire?

How does such a large and successful civilization collapse without a Hollywood movie depicting dramatic civil unrest or natural disaster? I don’t think I have ever read or seen in film any depiction of how collapse on such a massive scale happens.

1 Answers 2019-09-14

What kind of pants did cowboys wear?

I blame it all on video games but in my head I picture most cowboys wearing something pretty similar to modern blue jeans, but then I start up a game of Red Dead 2 and can't find anything like that so I can't tell which game to believe.

1 Answers 2019-09-14

Did European medieval knights receive any martial arts training in case they were unarmed in battle or didn’t have a weapon on them? Or were they supposed to rely on their weapon solely?

1 Answers 2019-09-14

To what extent did Native American tribes use and cultivate various drugs in the 15 or 16th century and before??

We’ve all heard the old adage “take a hit from the peace pipe.”

I’m looking for general information on the question above:

what type of drugs did they use, how important was it to the culture, what were their thoughts on it as a tribe (good, bad or indifferent). Were drugs widely used? Did they use them differently than we do today??

In regards to Marijuana, was it common for each tribe to grow their own or was it such a random occurrence that the average Native American would never run across Marijuana.

Thanks to anyone with any knowledge on this.

1 Answers 2019-09-14

How are there so many denominations of Christianity, when at one point, essentially anything but catholic was being labelled a heresy?

My understanding of the Great Schism might be very... very... generalized

But my understanding is that... around the First Council of Nicaea, anything that wasn’t essentially Chalcedonian/Catholic was deemed a heresy

If that in fact is how it happened, how are there so many denominations of Christianity that’s been allowed to thrive?

Thanks all!

1 Answers 2019-09-13

How Did Europeans React To Alligators in North America?

Did they think they compare them with crocodiles? Or consider them hazards? Taste like chicken?

1 Answers 2019-09-13

How far back in time could I go and still have a modern restaurant experience

That is to say what is the oldest record we have of what you or I would call a restaurant. For this example let's say: A perminate structure with reasonable hours (e.g. not only serving 3 meals a day) where you could enter, choose a drink and an entre from a menu and eat with your family before leaving.

2 Answers 2019-09-13

What did 'traffic' look like on Europe's navigable rivers during the early modern period?

As an example, what kind of ships and people would you expect to see along the Danube river between the 15th-18th centirues? Did people travel by boat for convenience? Was there even trade traffic? Could you expect to meet a lot of ships if you sailed from Vienna to Wallachia?

2 Answers 2019-09-13

Was ancient India patriarchal? [Please help with this]

I keep hearing that ancient India was very egalitarian and there was a golden age for women.

Most of this comes from interpretation of Hindu scriptures like the RigVeda. For example, there are many goddesses and in Hindu thought, humans are just souls—and the soul has no gender. However, this is not a good argument showing that ancient India was gender egalitarian—Hindus just found some feminine qualities divine and worthy of worship—it should be noted that they found animals like cows, to have divine qualities. That doesn’t mean the society was cow dominated and not human male dominated (patriarchal). So to me, this argument that having strong goddesses means women were equal in power as men in ancient India doesn’t make sense. Greeks had strong goddesses yet were very patriarchal.

Let me define patriarchy: by Patriarchy, I mean a general trend towards gendered division of labor such that males are involved in jobs external to domestic duties (eg. Hard laborers, doctors, poets, philosophers) and females are involved predominantly jobs that are domestic (child-rearing, caretakers of the home etc.). Any general systematic oppression of females by males in roles outside of childcare is an automatic qualifier for patriarchy. But so is gendered division of labor such that males hold the external power in society.

Now there is a Harvard University Studywhich concluded that many biased Hindus have been trying to erroneously rewrite history to show that ancient India was a gender equality golden age, and through this study’s discussion of some texts in the Vedas, it concluded that females were underrepresented in being authors of the Vedas and

This, by now rather dated rewriting of history should finally be thrown of literary history. As could again be seen here, the Indians of today and their imagination of the past are different from those of 1000 BCE, and it is time to recognize this and describe the ancient period properly -- instead of constantly imagining a golden past that never existed.”

So I require your help. Based on your studies of ancient India (whether scriptural or non-scriptural), was ancient India patriarchal? (Or was there an age in ancient India, ie Vedic Age, in which females and males on average worked outside the home freely, females had equal power and control as males in society and there was no systematic oppression of females by males.

1 Answers 2019-09-13

Was the command "Fire" used for launching projectiles before the use of gunpowder?

I've noticed in some historical settings, the word "fire" is used as a command to launch arrows or siege weapons. I always figured that the use of that command came about with cannons where a fuse needed to be lit with fire. Was it also used for medieval weaponry?

2 Answers 2019-09-13

Why did Mao launch the Cultural Revolution? What was he trying to achieve as distinct from the Revolution the Chinese Communists had already won (or lost)? To what extent did he succeed? Does it have any continuing impact?

[deleted]

1 Answers 2019-09-13

Just how out of the ordinary was Nazi ideology from the traditional politics of Europe?

So I remembered an argument that me and two of my professors got into over Nazism's relation to the greater politics of Europe and I was interested in shooting it to this sub. Basically to summarize what we talked about me and one professor felt like Nazism was a logical conclusion to imperialism, white man's burden, and other white supremacist ideology that was common at the time. The other professor felt like Nazism was itself a unique ideology to Germany and was unrelated to the greater imperialist philosophies of Europe. Granted I understand there is a difference between imperialism and Nazism, but I feel like it's an evolution of the philosophy. I guess for more context the professor who supported me was a African history professor who held a very negative view of imperialism and the professor who didn't was an anglophile who specialized in 20th century British history.

1 Answers 2019-09-13

Why do animals in Medieval manuscripts look so crazy? Did the painters not know what they looked like? Was it intentional? Did they have a hard time drawing?

Like this {"Salmon" from the Book of Kells}(https://www.digitalmedievalist.com/2009/09/12/salmon-and-the-celts/) is like a cat head on a snake's body. Had the author never seen a salmon, could they only draw a couple of animals well, or was there some meaning to this kind of representation?

2 Answers 2019-09-13

In mid-1863, Vicksburg fell, and the Confederacy was officially split by the Union controlled Mississippi. How did this change the levels of support, and perception of the effort, within the regions of the Trans-Mississippi still under Confederate control?

To be sure, I figure that Vicksburg falling was more symbolic than literal as it wouldn't be impossible to slip through, but I would expect that that symbolic loss, with the Union now able to patrol the entire river unmolested by shore batteries or enemy ships, would be a pretty devastating blow not just to morale generally, but most specifically to those now cut off from 'the heart' of the Confederacy.

So how did the public in places like Arkansas or Texas respond to this, and what kind of impact did it have on support for the war: both within the civilian population as well as the military stationed there?

1 Answers 2019-09-13

How did King Baldwin IV get leprosy at such a young age and how was leprosy usually treated during the 12th century?

It is an infection, so he must have gotten it from someone he was in contact with. What kind of people would the young king have been around in his youth for him to catch this infection?

Thank you

1 Answers 2019-09-13

Did coins exist during the Bronze Age in the Mediterranean?

I am mostly interested in the Mycenaean civilization and Minoan. If coins didn't exist, then what was the trade currency used?

Thank you!

1 Answers 2019-09-13

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