Ataturk himself was born in modern day Greece, yet he identifies as a Turk. What was a Turk in the Ottoman Empire? What culture binded them together? And did they feel as if the Ottomans failed them too as the other groups under the Ottomans did?

I recently read a claim that 1983 was the most dangerous year of the cold war in terms of escalating to actual conflict. If this is true what factors made cold war escalation in 1983 seem more likely than something like the Cuban missile crisis in 1962?

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Is it at all possible that it was done primarily as corporal punishment (i.e. modern day execution) or at least the victims of sacrifice were those being punished, at the least?

If not, what do we know about ritual sacrifice and how victims were decided upon?

I would imagine in the past many places kept time differently due to isolation and lack of connection with other civilizations. Was time kept differently in different countries? And when did time keeping become how it is today?

While The Europeans spread Christianity around their continent, the Nestorians and Eastern Christians spreading Christianity all the way to India, China and Mongolia even while under Zoroastrian, Muslim and Tengri (Mongol) rule and Islam, another Abrahamic faith, spreading deep into East Africa and West Africa, while the Christian Ethiopia, which was probably just as well placed as the Muslims for such religious conversions, didn't

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As part of my thesis, I had to study the history of the Holocaust memory (or deportation in general) in Europe. In France, the memory of the deportation was dominated by the figure of the resistant deportee, celebrated as a hero, until the 1960-70s. The emergence of the Jewish deportation memory was slow to appear, mainly because de Gaulle, in the aftermath of the Liberation, called for national reconciliation. The Jewish returning from the camps initially refused the name of "racial deportee", frightened at the idea of being again sidelined by the French society. Negationism in the 1970s pushed many deportees to testify and researches since have intensified.

My questions are: how did this memory develop in the United States? Did Jewish people living in the US encourage testimony? Did the Jewish deportees who then immigrated to the US develop their own memory once there or did they try to "forget"? How did the Jewish Americans react to the immigration of the European deportees?

I am open to any kind of documentation. This is not part of my studies but a simple curiosity!

I know that there were a wealth of reasons for the Nazi party's rise to power in the early 1930s, but I find it common among liberals in the US today to blame "appeasement" (which I think is mostly people confusing the tactics of the international community in the late thirties with the domestic opposition within Germany). But I am curious: I know there was obviously lots of opposition to the Nazis from everyone from communists to Social Democrats, with brownshirts and communists often brawling in the streets, which leads me to ask...

Do you think any of the opposition groups had effective tactics, and that perhaps if these tactics had been more widely adopted, it might have prevented the Nazis becoming the largest party in the Reichstag? If so, which groups and what tactics?

As a corollary, are there good resources to look at that might shed more light on this or effective oppositional tactics to authoritarian or extremist parties in general that might be interesting to look at?

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I am primarily looking to find out about physical stores (such as grocery or clothes stores), though discovering what for instance car manufacturers existed there would also be appreciated.

I understand that to most people this will appear to be a stupid question. But as far as I am aware, Hitler had no plans to expand westward, only eastward for lebensraum, therefore it is puzzling to me why Britain and France did not make the decision to destroy Communism of which was (from what I know) perceived as a worse threat than Fascism. I understand that there might be a prevailing argument stating that it was because the Germans considered themselves as superior and discriminated against minorities... however both Britain, France and Russia did the same, if not, worse.

Please don't hesitate to correct anything factually incorrect of what I've said above.

Likewise, how much did the Crusader States adopt local customs and languages? Would they still be seen as very European or becoming Levantine?

Curious about whether morning sickness has always been part of the pregnancy experience for some women and if it was viewed as common. Also curious about what inference was made from a woman experiencing morning sickness - i.e morning sickness means xyz etc

Where they constantly afraid to be invaded? Was the Swiss Army on constant alert? Where there any incursions in swiss territory?

Out of curiosity and ignorance on the topic, I’m curious to hear what type of historical facts or storylines are accepted about the man. Not necessarily “the prophet” but what details about him are generally accepted as true among scholars and historians alike.

I ask because recently I read a post about how Muslims conquered India due to most Indians not being able to participate in war due to being lower caste and thus unable to work in the army. I'm not sure if that's even true cause it sounds very counter-intuitive to have western armies did it.