Are there records of people living in the medieval world that showed a strong desire to be an animal? Or atleast dress as one? Or is this a more modern creation?

Hi all, my understanding is that most cities in North America were established for one of three reasons - close to trade, close to a natural resource, or easily defended from attack. I'm curious which North American cities were founded mainly for that last reason. My understanding is that Norfolk and Halifax, for example, were critical naval assets for the British.

Thanks in advance!

Was their experience much different than that of the Irish?

If so, how were they involved if at all?

I know that the Icelanders signed a Covenant of fealty to the Norwegeian king in the 1200's, and that Abraham Ortelius drew a detailed map of Iceland in the 1500's including showing polar bears on pack ice.

How widely known was the existence of these places, and what of their culture? How common were voyages between Greenland, Iceland and Britain/mainland Europe?

What knowledge of these places existed in southern/central and eastern Europe (ie: not in the Low Countries and Scandinavia)?

How widespread was knowledge of Vinland in Britain/mainland Europe (I understand that even the Norse themselves didn't realise that it was essentially part of a huge continent)?

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Whereas gold and silver are extracted from a limited number of sources with relatively predictable output, cacao beans are an agricultural product that anybody with a field and good enough conditions can grow on their own. This means that the government would have very little control over the money supply- even less so than European governments at the time that can mint their own coins. Additionally, cacao production will inevitably compete with maize and other crops for land area, and a food commodity like cacao likely involves significant demurrage. Did this get in the way of the evolution of the Mesoamerican financial system?

It doesn't seem there is any information about this place for the entire period of the dark ages. I'm guessing that the mines nearby were not in use, but the city would have still been an excellent harbor at least for the local fishermen.

Would any of the roman ruins still have been standing?
Can we make an educated guess about the population?

Would vikings have been living there?

Would any of the visigothic cultural remnants remained?

Were there any nearby kingdoms that would have claimed it?

Was it still a functioning city in any regard?

Any help appreciated

So I know that Bismarck didn't include Austria into the German empire because they were a Prussian rival and wouldn't be keen on unification unless they were at the head. But if Bismarck wanted to try to form an empire of the whole German-speaking realm (except for Austria), why didn't he try to include the German speaking parts of the Swiss Confederation? Thanks in advance for any answers.

In memes that guy is always hyped up to be a huge russian nightmare, but was that really the case ? i mean millions of people fought in that war so i personally dont believe a couple hundred really make a dent there ... also hundreds of people probably died to machine guns every day anyway so is it just a thing of „if i poke my head out just a bit he‘ll kill me“ or is it more or less a hero story that doesnt hold up to reality ? if that makes sense.

I have done quite a bit of reading on American Indian societies, both pre- and post-Colombian, and I've noticed that scalping seems to be a common theme among the various societies in North America (at least north of Mesoamerica), especially after French and Anglo settlement and written histories in the region. While the particular targets and motivations may have varied from tribe to tribe, the act of scalping a foe seems to be a recurring thread, especially in the Plains, Eastern, and Southwestern Indian tribes.

Why was this particular act so common and so widespread? Was it for particularly religious or spiritual reasons (as many tribes shared elements of their pantheons and spiritual beliefs with one another in dizzying combinations), or perhaps just cultural in nature? It seems odd that this one particular form of torture and trophy is so widespread across a diverse array of peoples, especially since its (largely) unheard of among societies from other continents (at least until later popularized by the United States).

Addendum: I have also used the term "Indian" rather than "Native American," as i have been instructed by the various Indians I've met (in the SW and SE US) that Native American is the more offensive term, and to use "[Tribe] Indian" when possible or just "Indian" if unsure/plural tribes.

I'm not sure if "style" is the right word, as it implies the medal was originally worn for stylistic purposes rather than for service.

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Just like the title asks. How does a historian write about "how ______'s album changed the course of a genre" while not going to deep in music theory/ music appreciation. Does there have to be a certian level of that to even write about a topic like this? If you have any examples that'd be great. Thank you!

Basically, I need to know if someone in late-19th century Scotland be able to readily identify bamboo. This is a weird niche question, but when you're writing a sci-fi time travel novel you're gonna get some of those I guess! :)

Now, before things get out of hand, I dont think it is, I love history. I dont even know if this is the correct subreddit to ask for help on the subject, bu hey, I thought I d try.

So, I am looking for journals/conference papers etc where the authors examine students' attitudes towards history (at least when taught with traditional teacher-centric methodologies and textbooks).

I only have one source so far and a reviewer kind of got prickly when I wrote in my paper that "k 12 students usually think of history as an austere and dry subject". I have like a million online articles by educators supporting just that, but I need at least one more peer reviewed publication to cite, cause the dude is probably a historian and took it really bad.

Context: I am a mathematician and do STEM education stuff, now building educational scenaria bridging STEM teaching with humanities (gamification of learning, inverted classroom etc-Ok imagine teaching a historical siege with kids also building robotic catapults) and the paper was on one of my experiments.

I totally understand if this question is out of the subreddits scope,please delete it if it is.