Did they wear wigs, or was an exception made for them?

I suppose I also have a related question that’s broader in scope: did enforcement of the queue vary during different periods of Qing rule? As I understand it was originally a tool of social control, so I’m curious if enforcement slackened in periods when insurrection was less of an immediate threat.

My understanding is (please correct me if I'm wrong) that Kyoto at the beginning of the Sengoku period had a population of a about 100,000, but by the end of it, only had a population of 2,000 after the city was captured and recaptured numerous times by various daimyos. Is there any particular place refugees of Kyoto might have gone to?

edit Let's narrow the time/place down to 17th century Europe.

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He invaded the Western Roman Empire and slaughtered thousands of Romans. What made him think that the Eastern Roman Empire would WANT him as a vassal?

The title maybe isn’t so clear, let me elaborate.

The theory of European racial supremacy no doubt fuelled many instances of colonialism amongst less developed societies, but how did these same people reconcile their beliefs with great non-European historical civilisations and achievements?

Examples such as:

• Genghis Khan
• Mansa Musa
• Chinese Civilisation

And all the countless more before their time.

How did they understand these societies in relation to their beliefs?

Virtually the whole civilized world developed the arch - and therefore the dome - except of the civilizations of Pre-Hispanic America. Why? What prevented them to do so?

From what I've read it seemed like most Americans were opposed to entering the war in Europe. It seems like eventually the US would have had to enter the war, but what was Japan's motivation for an unprovoked attack on the US? Ive also read some stuff saying that the US knew the attack was coming and allowed it to happen to stir up nationalism and pro war sentiment, like the sinking of the Lusitania in WW1. (Not saying the US allowed that to happen, but that event gave way to the US joining the war.)

Are there any records of someone vomitting in there from the disgust aspects?

I feel like most modern depictions of it are extremely sanitized. And yes, I know on occasion the crowd would throw rocks if they really hated the person and it could get dangerous, but I thought the "disgust" aspect was more common.

Just curious how bad it would have truly been and if it ever led to vomiting or worse from the criminal!

If it's about a historical event do you summarise it from start to finish in one paragraph then flesh it out with body paragraphs?

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In terms of daily practice and general beliefs, what would one expect from an Ethiopian Jew prior to Ezana's conversion of his empire to Christianity? How would he observe the Sabbath, for example?

More broadly, are there any really good books about religion and culture in Ethiopia in that era? What should I be reading if I want to get a sense of that time and place?

We've been talking about industrialization in my history class, and the horrible conditions for workers and drastic inequality. I'm just wondering what made it so there wasn't a stronger proletariat movement, or were unions supposed to be the effective equivalent?

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Several years ago, I went through a guided tour of Jordan, and Petra. Petra is awesome Btw. However from Aman, where our tour started, the tour guide talked about the desert landscape while we were headed for Petra. He had said that the Ottoman Empire(?) In present day Turkey wanted a railway that connected to the rest of Europe. They built it through present day Jordan. In doing so, they harvested 1 million acres of woodland to be used in building the railway. In doing this, there were serious climate changes. What was once a lush forest became a desert, rainfall basically disappeared, creating the desert we know now. My question to any of the scholars out there. Were we (the other tourists and I) being fed a line bullshit or is this fact?

Sorry if the question could be worded better but I think of women's dresses from say 1880 and they have puffy shoulders and it's strange that if they wanted women to look feminine but also not sultry, they had the corset and heavy, wide skirt with the frame but they also had puffy shoulders to make them look like football players. Not exactly feminine?

I was able to find the unfortunate, racist origins of "step on the crack, break your mother's back" (involving variants of her or your future children being Black), but not the reason that stepping on cracks was considered unlucky in the first place. The previous saying dates to the 19th century, but is the superstition older? I can't imagine people walking cobblestone streets being able to avoid the cracks without playing a never-ending game of hopscotch...

After intial reports came in telling strong resistence, wouldn't it make sense to skirt around to a less defended beach, or would that throw off the timetable, or, make logistics impossible for so many troops to land in another zone?

"The composition of Greek fire remains a matter of speculation and debate..." - Greek Fire's Wikipedia.

How did this come about? Wikipedia describes the Byzantine Greek version as a flamethrower. I see that as an effective weapon. Wouldn't this usefulness have kept its contents known to humanity?

I know this is an incredibly broad question. I'm mainly interested in two particular aspects of it: how, if at all, were the major figures we imagine as spearheading the Scientific Revolution in early modern Europe affiliated with universities, and what role did universities play in propagating (or perhaps even hindering the propagation of) the new science?