Why were the north Vietnamese called Charlie in the Vietnam war

Let’s take Cicero and his time period for example. Were his “country villas” basically mansions out in the countryside? Did wood framed houses exist at this point? Made of stone instead?

I’m pretty sure glass windows didn’t exist, so did they just have openings for windows? How did they keep these places heated with the elements coming right in?

I’ve always wondered how Jews were treated throughout the crusades.

Did Christians or Muslims view them favourably or did both sides dislike them?

Were they treated badly by both sides or more so by one in particular?

Did they involve themselves in the politics etc or perhaps occasionally support one side?

Wouldn't the film have to be processed before it could even be seen properly? How did, for example NASA, shoot film on the moon, process the film, and transmit it live to televisions all across the US?

Popular culture would leave us to believe that the enemies of Rome were all unkempt and generally uncivilized, with homes no more elaborate than large thatch huts. What were the barbarian villages and towns that Rome conquered really like? Particularly in France, Germany, and England.

As mentioned in the title, I'm looking either for a website with transcriptions or even pictures of the sources or a written, but easily accessible, book on sources from the VOC in Japan. I found some websites while searching myself, but as far as I can see they are simply the registers of where to find sources in the national archives in The Hague and Amsterdam. I'm working on an essay for uni, and while I found a lot of valuable secondary literature / sources, I'm still lacking in primary sources.

Furthermore, has anybody got any experience with the German translated Japanese sources about the missionary history in Japan by Gustav Voss and Hubert Gieslik? While the translations seem genuine, I'm somewhat worried by the fact that the translations were done in the 1940s.

Thanks in advance!

Restrictions on living spaces, fewer economic opportunities, less legal representation, etc all seems very similar between the two countries.

The major differences I can see are that ZANU/ZAPU seemed to go into the 60's expecting and wanting armed conflict, while the ANC seemed to really want a peaceful transition to full democracy, and in the early 70s Rhodesia was becoming more aggressive against the nationalists while South Africa was making more concessions.

Is that really it? Because that sounds too simplistic.

American here. Sorry if that's an insensitive question.

So, I recently read that the beauty ideal for men in medieval Europe was to be fat since that showed that you were rich. Is this true? If not, what was the beauty ideals like?

Some time ago my grand aunt handed me military documents of my great-grandpa, who was a German artillerist in WWI, along with money from the 1920’s inflation and other stuff (mostly belonging to my grandpa, who was a German soldier as well, but in WWII). I would love to read it, but it’s written in old German script/cursive - any idea where I can find someone who can help me?

I'm no expert in philosophy, but I do know that many renowned ancient philosophers like Socrates and Aristotle owned slaves. When did philosophers start talking about human rights, like right to self-ownership, right to dignity, or even right to free expression? Is there a single philosopher or school of philosophy credited for "inventing" human rights?

I know there are some ancient documents supporting the idea of human rights, like the Code of Hammurabi, but I'm more interested in the philosophical aspect of it all. Like, when was the first time someone said "hey, maybe it's not morally right to own people as slaves"?

I've heard that the Russians pretty much had them and the bombs really weren't needed. Is this true?

Did the knights of medieval Europe study the battle techniques of other cultures? Either ancient such as the Romans, Greeks or Persians; or concurrent at the time such as Chinese, Arabian or African.

At what point in our evolution do scientist guess humans started building shelters? I would appreciate information on this topic.

I forgot the "?" at the end