In Louisiana, the only person with the authority to involuntarily commit a patient (e.g. for psychiatric reasons) is the county coroner. How did such a quirky setup come to be, and why only in Louisiana?

Per this /r/legaladvice thread:

https://www.reddit.com/r/legaladvice/comments/6sqvl7/involuntarily_committed_for_alcoholism_do_i_have/

I was under the impression that a coroner's primary function was assisting law enforcement on the scene of an unattended death or homicide. It was very surprising for me to learn that in Louisiana, the coroner is also the only person with the authority to involuntarily commit someone.

2 Answers 2017-08-11

Why was white bread a luxury item?

I was watching an older film -- I believe it was "All Quiet on the Western Front (1930)" -- and one of the enlisted German soldiers was complaining about never getting white bread.

Has white bread been historically considered a luxury item? Why?

2 Answers 2017-08-11

Are there any musical pieces that remain from toman era?

I can find lots of roman "style" music, but is there any piece that is recorded with some sheet music we can play today?

2 Answers 2017-08-11

Questions for someone with battleship expertise for a game!

Hey! I'm playing a tabletop RPG with a group of friends, and we were looking to pick the brains of someone with knowledge of the operation of WWII era battleships. The game is set in the future, in a post zombie apocalypse world; the setting involves the zombie apocalypse having lead the large scale collapse of most of civil society and most nonessential government. The players are part of a group that has taken refuge in the USS Wisconsin, and are working to get the materials and technical expertise to get it as operational and fortified as possible. Would anyone be interested in helping out by answering some questions and speculating about how something like this might play out in a fantasy world?

2 Answers 2017-08-11

AskHistorians Podcast 092 -- What Is Facism?

Episode 92 is up!

The AskHistorians Podcast is a project that highlights the users and answers that have helped make /r/AskHistorians one of the largest history discussion forums on the internet. You can subscribe to us via iTunes, Stitcher, or RSS, and now on YouTube and Google Play. You can also catch the latest episodes on SoundCloud. If there is another index you'd like the cast listed on, let me know!

This Episode:

Today we are joined again by /u/Commiespaceinvader here to tell us about the history of fascism, what it and how it works, and really giving us context for how a fascist system is born, works, and dies. (52m)

Questions? Comments?

If you want more specific recommendations for sources or have any follow-up questions, feel free to ask them here! Also feel free to leave any feedback on the format and so on.

If you like the podcast, please rate and review us on iTunes.

Thanks all!

Previous episode and discussion.

Want to support the Podcast? Help keep history interesting through the AskHistorians Patreon.

15 Answers 2017-08-11

How did Trireme fleets navigate the Aegean?

The way I understand it, the large galley ships of Antiquity usually couldn't carry enough supplies on board to sustain the crew for more than a day or so, and so they tended to stay within sight of the coast.

How would this work logistically for voyages across the Aegean? Say if I'm in Miletus, and someone in Corinth looked at me funny, and I wanted to give them a piece of my mind with 200 triremes, how would I get from A to B?

Would I have to go up along the coast of Asia Minor, across the Hellespont, along the Thracian coast, then south off of Greece proper?

Would there be enough islands 'bridging' the Aegean with ports that can resupply such a large fleet that a more direct route is possible?

Could one resupply the triremes at sea from sailing vessels that can carry more cargo, and just go straight across that way?

1 Answers 2017-08-11

How did people cut their nails before scissors became widely available?

1 Answers 2017-08-11

How did Nixon supporters react to Watergate and his resignation?

Were there conspiracy theories that he was being falsely accused? Did apologists believe that he was such a good leader that criminal activity was justified if it kept him in office? Did his supporters refuse to accept any wrongdoing even after his resignation?

1 Answers 2017-08-11

[Meta] What books in your field have been published lately that are worthy of being added to the wiki for your topic area?

Curious what books published in 2016 and 2017 are worthwhile and noteworthy to be added to the sub’s wiki.

2 Answers 2017-08-11

There was a lot of Western concern during the breakup of the Soviet Union that nuclear weapons had gone missing, and could wind up in the hands of criminals or terrorists. Was there any solid basis for this, or was it just fearmongering?

1 Answers 2017-08-11

Did the West German government assassinate the Red Army Faction leadership in 1976?

I posted this a couple of times before , but with no success. Maybe this time around I'll be luckier.

According to the Wikipedia entry on the Red Army Faction, there is considerable evidence to suggest that the deaths of high-level members of the group in West German prison in 1976 were murders, while they are officially considered suicides. The article also heavily implies that they were extra-judicially killed by the West German government. However, this section of the article has a flair reading "The neutrality of this section is disputed", so maybe it's not entirely accurate?

I'm essentially asking for a summary of the evidence, the arguments for and against murder, the current consensus on the issue (if there is one), and (most importantly for me) the context in West Germany at the time (which I know next to nothing about). Thank you.

1 Answers 2017-08-11

Was Gerald Ford already considered a "lame duck" President when Nixon resigned or did he have the political capital to accomplish anything?

2 Answers 2017-08-11

Why did Appeasement fail against Hitler?

Apart from Hitler's increasing aggression due to the perception that the western democracies were weak and indecisive, what other consideration have I left out? Feel free to elaborate on my previous point; from what I can understand, Hitler saw that past crises remain unsolved and simply pushed his luck. Is that all?

2 Answers 2017-08-11

How come the Clearances in the British Isles didn't happen elsewhere in Europe?

Or did they, and if so, what happened?

1 Answers 2017-08-11

How much influence did the people have on government policies under Italian Fascism?

1 Answers 2017-08-11

Did English queen consorts regularly take lovers?

I recently watched a documentary about Princess Diana, and one of the commentators said that, historically, it was accepted that both English kings and their queen consorts could take a lover or lovers. In the case of Queen consorts, this was usually after they'd provided an heir to the Crown.

I am well aware of the stories of philandering English and British kings and princes, but to hear this was de facto with their consorts surprises me. Off the top of my head, I can only think of two consorts who we know cheated on their husbands: Queen Isabella, who ultimately deposed her husband, and Catherine Howard, who was executed. But if what this documentary said was true, then there must be some examples of consorts whose extramarital affairs ended more happily-- for everybody involved. Maybe.

Who were these queens? Who were their husbands? Did their husbands know their wives had lovers? What did their court think? Did any heirs face claims of illegitimacy because of their mother's affairs? If a woman was still fertile when these affairs began, was birth control effective enough back then to ensure she wouldn't become pregnant?

This question applies to queen consorts of Britain and England from the first English Queen consort all the way to Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother.

3 Answers 2017-08-11

If you fell into a coma in the Middle Age, what would happen to you?

Would they take care of you? How?

4 Answers 2017-08-11

Did germany destroy more tanks than USSR made?

I recently read an article thay claimed that during WW2 the german destroyed more soviet tanks than USSR made during the war + the tanks USSR had before the war. This makes the only reason USSR had any tanks left lend lease. Is this claim true?

1 Answers 2017-08-11

Friday Free-for-All | August 11, 2017

Previously

Today:

You know the drill: this is the thread for all your history-related outpourings that are not necessarily questions. Minor questions that you feel don't need or merit their own threads are welcome too. Discovered a great new book, documentary, article or blog? Has your Ph.D. application been successful? Have you made an archaeological discovery in your back yard? Did you find an anecdote about the Doge of Venice telling a joke to Michel Foucault? Tell us all about it.

As usual, moderation in this thread will be relatively non-existent -- jokes, anecdotes and light-hearted banter are welcome.

16 Answers 2017-08-11

How did most people respond to mosquitoes in ancient and medieval times?

Nowadays one of the main annoyances for anything outdoors is mosquitoes buzzing and biting all over the place (at least here in the Midwest). In previous times, did certain classes use methods to keep mosquitoes away, or were they simply tolerated as a manageable and not overly dangerous annoyance?

1 Answers 2017-08-11

Enlistment Standards in WWII

Ok, I am specifically looking at the United States, I know other countries got desperate and put anyone in uniform with a heartbeat. But got into a discussion about the alleged unfitness of the modern American population. I'm a former US Army Recruiter, so I am intimately familiar with modern standards. I raised the point that comparing what percentage of the US population is fit for service today vs WWII is apples to oranges because the standards were so different.

The obvious example is education - today an applicant must have a High School education, even a GED isn't good enough without some college credit also. That wasn't the case in 1940, most Americans didn't have a HS diploma. To meet bare minimum standards to be a cook, rifleman, etc, was there a minimum educational level? Could you be so poorly educated you couldn't serve at all? Was there an attempt to teach basic literacy if someone could not read at all?

Weight standards - today we have both a max and minimum BMI standard for enlistment. I have read of WWII Soldiers gaining weight during training because they were so undernourished due to Depression unemployment. Were there minimum weight standards or maximum?

Legal/Moral issues - today a person with a felony conviction, domestic violence, drug charge, or just too many misdemeanors cannot enlist. Absent a good way to search records, did the Army or Navy even try to screen for such things?

3 Answers 2017-08-11

There are only 66 years between Kitty Hawk and the Sea of Tranquility and it's a little hard for me to wrap my head around that fact. What made the aviation tech tree so much easier to unlock after 1903?

I'm aware of the "whoa dude" nature of this question and that the scope is probably going to make it difficult to answer here so I'm also open to any book suggestions.

Edit: Was about to respond to a now deleted comment that pointed out this would be better suited to an engineering and science sub, but I'll just post it here to preempt any similar responses.

I definitely hear what you're saying, but I'm looking for something more along the lines of the history of the people, organizations, the impact of two world wars on aviation technology, etc. The minutiae of all the under-the-hood stuff of flight isn't what I'm looking for exactly and might be beyond my powers of comprehension anyway.

I probably could have phrased the question to better emphasize that. There are some flairs in science and technology here who have given answers along the lines of what I'm looking for.

4 Answers 2017-08-11

What are the origins of the Chinese bureaucratic examination system? Did any elements of it survive or influence aspects of China's post-Communist Revolution government/society?

I recently read Pu Songling's Strange Tales From a Chinese Studio and this exam system seems wildly intricate and profoundly important to the elite of the time. I'm wondering how it came about, how it came to occupy such an important part of high society, and if there are any traces of it in contemporary Chinese society.

1 Answers 2017-08-11

In "The Reply of the Zaphrosian Cossacks," amidst all the other vulgar insults, they refer to the Sultan as a "Macedonian Cartwright" and "brewer of Jerusalem." What was the meaning of these insults?

Warning contains vulgar language

Zaporozhian Cossacks to the Turkish Sultan!

O sultan, Turkish devil and damned devil's kith and kin, secretary to Lucifer himself. What the devil kind of knight are thou, that canst not slay a hedgehog with your naked arse? The devil shits, and your army eats. Thou shalt not, thou son of a whore, make subjects of Christian sons; we have no fear of your army, by land and by sea we will battle with thee, fuck thy mother.

Thou Babylonian scullion, Macedonian wheelwright, brewer of Jerusalem, goat-fucker of Alexandria, swineherd of Greater and Lesser Egypt, pig of Armenia, Podolian thief, catamite of Tartary, hangman of Kamyanets, and fool of all the world and underworld, an idiot before God, grandson of the Serpent, and the crick in our dick. Pig's snout, mare's arse, slaughterhouse cur, unchristened brow, screw thine own mother!

So the Zaporozhians declare, you lowlife. You won't even be herding pigs for the Christians. Now we'll conclude, for we don't know the date and don't own a calendar; the moon's in the sky, the year with the Lord, the day's the same over here as it is over there; for this kiss our arse!

1 Answers 2017-08-11

In the late-1960's / early-1970's, what was the political left's reaction to British musicians criticizing progressive taxation (i.e. Beatles' "Taxman", and Rolling Stones' "Exile on Main Street")?

I doubt that anyone truly ENJOYS paying taxes, and the 90+% tax bracket of Harold Wilson's government sounds extraordinary by contemporary standards.

Even so, fans of the Beatles and Rolling Stones are generally stereotyped as left-leaning. I can only imagine that if someone like Adele or Ed Sheeran wrote an anti-taxation anthem today, there would be a strong negative reaction. Or at least a polarizing one.

How did progressive music fans of the era reconcile their support for a strong social safety net, with rocking out to anti-tax anthems? Was political alignment just more nuanced back then? Or were these albums divisive after all? Or some other factor(s) that might not be obvious if you weren't there?

1 Answers 2017-08-11

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