Malthus's theory seems a little too simple to describe thousands of years of human civilization.

What is the proper terminology for a female knight? I hear that it's "dame" or "ser", but that there are specifics beyond that, and I'd like to know more.

By contemporaries, I mean the other cultures that lived around at the same time and had interactions with the Greeks. For example, the Persian, Egyptians etc.

I saw the Dead Sea Scrolls about a decade ago and was struck by the way that it presented the ongoing historical debate over their original context and meaning. As I recall it, when you walked into the first room of the exhibit you were surrounded on all sides by a dozen or so different competing and often dramatically contradictory scholarly summaries of who wrote the Scrolls, what the texts meant to them, and what it meant about the wider society. I'd never before encountered a museum of any kind that put such clear, physical emphasis on the idea of presenting an ongoing debate and competing narratives as opposed to disseminating established knowledge or something like that.

So I'm curious what scholarship informed the design philosophy of the Scrolls exhibit. What are the big articles or books (or politics, or whatever) that I should read to understand why the designers made the decisions they did? Why does it seem to emphasize the discursive approach to history so much more than do most archaeology museums/exhibits that I've seen? I'd also be interested in any more general information that would give me an overview of current theory-of-archaeological-museums, if that's a thing. Academic sources fine.

There seems to be a lot out there on polehammets, swords and lances, but the bill doesn't have too much info out there regarding how it was used. I'm specifically talking about the simple english hooked bills with no spear points. Do you just keep chopping away until your enemy falls down or is it more complex?

Especially empires without (semi)exclaves.

So I've been watching a lot of anima recently, and I hear a suprisingly large amout of english word and terms being used. I know U.S. relaitions with Japan has been very close since WW2, and just out of curiocity I would like to know; how much of an innfluence has the U.S had on japanese culture and language in general?

Why is it that the romans were able to consistently raise armies of 100000 soldiers and a good proportion of them professional ones, and then in medieval times you've got a "big" army if you have 15000 men?

I maybe wrong and it's only this impression I get, but it seems as if there was a massive change in scale in everything from the size of states to the size of the armies. Now I know that a smaller state has fewer men and therefore less manpower and resources. But what caused the roman model to become outdated? I know that the Frankish empire was rather big at a time, but not for too long. Was it that the romans had a huge technological advantage with the areas they conquered and that's why they managed to stay in power? This seems rather dubious as the east was also advanced, wasn't it? And it stayed under the empire's grasp.

I guess I'd like to know why was it that for a long period in between big empires and nations did (western) Europe become so decentralized and "weak", or if it's a false impression I've been getting.

I am currently tracking down an ancestor and I've reached a bit of a dead end, so I'm looking for clues on where to look next. I was wondering if the occupation of "gentleman" would have had different significance in the US at that time, or if he might be referring to the life he left behind. I don't want to make any assumptions.

Here is what I know:

Name: Alexander Crawford

Born: 1786 in Ireland (don't know where)

Immigrated: Dec 6, 1826 (age 40) on Ship Lima. Liverpool to New York.

Lived: All US addresses are in Maryland.

Wealth: In 1850, his total holdings amounted to $25,000 at the time. I also have silver spoons that were his and were made in Maryland (I tracked down the silversmith).

Family: He married an American woman in the six years after he arrived.

Other possible clues: he named his daughter Mary Lindsay Crawford. My grandmother also told me a very vague family story about an ancestor from Ireland who gave up some sort of title to immigrate, but I take that with a truckload of salt.

Any clues would be helpful! I'd love to find out his parents' names and exactly where he was born eventually. I'm also interested in any info about why he might have immigrated at that time, since it was after the surges prior to the American revolution and before the huge potato famine.

Thank you for reading. I apologize if this question is too specific.

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When Spain was ruled by Muslims, how was it that a Moroccan power base camp to dominate the Maghreb, instead of an Islamic Spanish based empire?

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I'm writing a novel and it has an army that is similarly structured as the ancient Roman army.

There's a scene where the centurion is reporting something to the camp prefect (praefectus castrorum), a quartermaster who manages the equipment and building works. To make this scene more authentic, I have a question regarding this scene:

Can a camp prefect order something to the centurion? Or opposite? Who is ranked higher in the Roman army? What's the relationship between these ranks?