I don't know if this is the place to get the best answers to this question, but hopefully someone here can help me. Why is it that, when writing out full names, some authors, especially in the 19th century, have a tendency to run a line through all but the first letter of he name? For example, in Jules Verne's "Five Weeks in a Balloon," Verne spells out completely the name of Dr. Samuel Ferguson, but names the president of the Royal Geographical Society as Sir Francis M----. Similarly, Poe has many poems titled as "To M---" or "To F--S S. O--D."

Hopefully, someone can provide some insight for me, whether through explaining it as individual quirks of the authors or enlightening me as to what changed between then and now that the practice fell out of fashion.

I know the colonists drove out the natives, but why didn't they have a Merican' style revolution? Were most of the colonists loyalists too? And why does Queen Elizabeth II still be the queen of the commonwealth?

Francis Scott Key supposedly was inspired to write what is now the US national anthem by events he witnessed during the war of 1812.

So my question is what were rockets like during that time period? How effective were they? How were they produced and implemented?

I discovered a book where it is said that Hitler offered to the Allies as 6 offers of peace.

his first offer of May 17, 1933,

his second offer of December 18, 1933,

his third offer of May 21, 1935,

his fourth offer of March 31, 1936,

his fifth offer of September 30, 1938,

his sixth offer of December 6, 1938

I only know that Hitler sent 2 offers of peace in 1939 and 1940 but never that he had sent others in 1933-38.

I'm not an expert in horse biology but I'd assume they are like most other mammals and the males of the species are stronger and faster. So this being the case would particular sexes of horses be preferable for certain activities? Would people consider the sex of the horse they were buying as a factor? In middles ages Europe would war horses be exclusively male like the soldiers? Did they sell for different amounts? How old were horses when they were sold typically?

This question seems to be very sensitive and not allowed on subreddits. I am just looking for an answer as it does not make sense with the knowledge I have.

I understand the atrocities that happened, but why did the UN/Britain not give the people that were affected in WW2 a country they had power over? Since Palestine was not involved (to my knowledge) in WW2, it seems pretty fucked up that people of a religious group kinda just took over.

So, as far as I know, categorizing people into different races and trying to assign different traits to them was a pretty big thing in the 19th and early 20th century, not only in germany, but all over europe.

If we look at Tolkiens universe, and look at his humans, we see that they are divided into different races of humans, which have a lot of distinctive traits. The humans of Numenor, for example, have a lot longer lifespan than other humans. The humans from the south are a lot easier corrupted by Sauron than other humans. The hobbits are also categorized as a human race and are very different from the others.

So my question is, is there any evidence if Tolkien supported race ideologies, and that is a reason for this categorization in his works? Or did he in genereal stated somewhere if he supports or oppsoses those ideas? I know that he clearly was against hitler, since he didn't want to release the hobbit in germany as long as he is in power, but what about the less radical ideas in that direction?

Ie do any of them account for fossils or infinite space ?

This may not be the best place to post this, but in movies from the 50s throughthe 90s, there's lots of schoolyard bullying, and sometimes it's just insane. In the book IT, set in the 50s, one kid nearly carves his name into another kid. I've never known anyone to experiemce things like that. Are there anh real examples of bullying that intense?

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I was wondering what the connection between the statue of liberty and the ottomans was. I had a friend tell me that the ottomans paid for it, not the French, and when I looked into it i found that the ottomans commission Ed the light of Asia, but reportedly sent it back, after which I have no clue.

Moreover, why not 364 that would be 13 lunar cycles (28 days) or 52 quarter lunar cycles (7 days/1 week)?

I'm writing a book about a character who was born in a nomadic tribe in ~4000 BC, in the Chicago area, but travels the whole of the plains, from the mid-west to central Canada, with her tribe. I was just wondering if anyone had any clue of where I could find information.

I know it's such an old time period that likely, any customs/religions/language/whatever is long lost. I'm basing names on various other Native American cultures (namely Hopi, which is a bit off geographically so I'm also looking at Iroquois and Lakota), and trying not to be too terrible in making my own religious beliefs for them to follow. On this note, I'm mostly hoping for links to good websites to read up on. I'll be going to Cahokia Mounds this week to do some of my own research. I might also be going to Chicago sometime in the next month and seeing if their history museums have any help for me.

More concrete questions:

1. Would there primarily be animal-based clothing? As I understand it, they mostly just cared about covering major organs/staying warm in the winter. How long would it take to make these?

2. How many people make up a nomadic tribe? A dozen? A couple dozen? Over a hundred? Any idea would help. Was inbreeding common, if they were so small? How did they keep genetic diversity?

3. What was mortality like? As I have it, they don't name children until they've lived two years, as I assume that's a high mortality rate. After surviving childhood, would ~30s or 40s be a realistic end goal? At the moment, I have 40 being the time most everyone drops off, though there's one or two still kicking it in late 50s, early 60s.

I realize that there might not really be much concrete information, but I'm just at the start of my research, so any information could help.

The Golden Horde lasted for centuries but today there no Mongolia people their but the Turks just like the mongol conquered huge tacts of land but unlike them there are still Turks living in these places

If not, why?

Like in Classical Latin.

Looking to for a book with a nice, general overview of western Civ history. After going through that, I can get into more specific aspects.

My main interests here are one, understanding the general progression as mentioned above. Two, I am very interested in race. I want to learn much more about the Romans/Greeks, the differences between Nordic and Celtic peoples. That kind of stuff. I'm even interested in learning more about Russia as well, though I don't think it's considered part of Western civilization?

Any suggestions appreciated! If I need To be more specific on what I'm asking just lmk