After the defeat of the Aztecs, the Spanish converted some of the local kingdoms like Tlaxcala into semi-autonomous provinces; what was life like in these former kingdoms?

Did they retain a separate political identity with their own king/nobility/army/culture or was their special status just a token gesture?

Thanks.

As a fellow german speaking people, would they not have been a boon for the emergent German Empire?

Following the implementation of Crown rule in India after the mutiny, how much did the Government of India profit from the various plantations in the country?

I am reading the 2nd book of the Ken Follet's Century trilogy, Winter of the World. A paragraph relates how London was preparing for bomber attacks:

London was preparing for war. Barrage balloons floated over the city at a height of two thousand feet, to impede bombers. In case that failed, sandbangs were stacked outside important buildings. Alternate curbstones had been painted white, for the benefit of drivers in the blackout, which had begun yesterday. There were white stripes on large strees, street statues, and other obstacles that might cause accidents.

I would like to ask about these specific preparations against bombers.

I understand the purpose of barrage ballons: they are for bombs to hit them and explode before reaching the ground.

Sandbacks on the street: what are they for? How do they help against a bomb?

I guess the purpose white paintings on curbstones and obstacles is to make them more visible under the blackout, since white stands out and it can even shine when lit by headlights. But what is the imposed blackout for? I think it is so that the city is not seen too easily from the sky, effectively making it a harder target to hit. Is this the reason?

Qing China had access to gunpowder, not to mention a vast manpower pool to draw from. But what weapons would a Chinese soldier carry? Would they be given guns, and what type? Were some infantry still sent into battle with swords, spears, and bows?

Recently I noticed that many people have been defending this opinion that Nazism was a left movement. There is also a lot of people who argue back against this position, but I feel the lack of some precise history background in both sides of the discussion. Historians of Reddit, what's your view and why?

By Native American, I mean a person from modern Mexico or Peru.

Should I take closer attention to my hygiene, exercise to strengthen the immune system, avoid any human contact for the rest of my days?...

What did the Zoroastrian philosophy pioneer in the development of the theological thought? Thanks.

What would I be learning and at what ages? I would assume knowledge of the Bible, an instrument (piano or violin), horseback riding, and knowledge of the Classics (Latin and/or Greek). Am I missing something? Is something here incorrect? What would be the modern equivalent of such an education, if there is any?

Apologies for the vagueness of time period.

in particular about how the enemy was considered and treated.

Because most of the things I've found are from not very trustable websites. Thanks!

You hear about Renaissance men like Da Vinci and Descartes being milestone contributors to the feilds of Art, Science, Mathematics, Engineering, and Philosophy. I don't know of more contemporary equivalents. I'm not aware of Georgia O'Keeffe 's contributions to the field of mathematics or Einstein's painting abilities.

I tried Google, but didn't really come up with anything. Do they go back to war? Do they get occupied?

A lot of depictions of this are like a meatgrinder, where soldiers climbing up the ladder practically walk into the enemy weapons. What kind of tactics were used to avoid this?

What was Birbal's contribution during Akbar's rule? How highly was he regarded by Akbar and was Birbal really as important to Akbar's rule as its made to believe?

Almost all depictions and pics of battles I see show them just using those regular kimonos, no helmets or armor. Even old Kurosawa movies depict them as not using those kind of armor. I also remember a book about Musashi saying he resembled a homeless.

That makes me think the armors were mor of a symbolic and ornamental thing, rather than a real war gear.

Were those armors used in battle at all? How widespread was it?

I included the year of German unification because the answer I know is that Germany arrived "too late" to the competition.

When I search it up on google not a lot of information comes up.