Elizabeth II is Queen of Canada, Jamaica, Canada etc - do inhabitants of New Zealand for example really observe royalty in the same sense that English do? Does she have the same impact and influence in Canada as she does in England? In England she is present and attending certain governmental affairs, giving out awards, meeting heroes and so on, and to my knowledge is somewhat involved in government.

But does/did she travel to Jamaica and Belize to do the same tasks, does/did she have the same impact?

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I vaguely read that the currency became a thing for paying armies, I'd imagine traders would eventually converge on metal they'd all recognize.

For instance, I've heard that land was essentially taken and Ainu were put into boarding schools to make them "Japanese", how did this work and what were they like? Furthermore, was there any resistance or response similar to the Indian Wars of the 19th century or the large scale protests of the 1960's and 70's organized by groups like AIM?

Specifically, I'm interested in punishments. Could the owner have a slave killed as punishment for any perceived wrongdoing? Was it possible for the owner to sentence the slave to some gruesome form of death (skinning, imapling), if the owner had sadistic inclinations?

Was it due to the military actions of Irish rebels? Irish civilians' non-compliance with British rule? Moral/political sentiment in Britain (ie "maybe we ought to let them be free if that's what they want")? War exhaustion (ie "screw it, just let them go, we don't want to fight another war after WW1)? External political pressure? Some combination of the above? Other factors I haven't mentioned?

I suppose I should clarify. When I said "like welfare," I meant a formal program or act in which the government used resources culled from working citizens (like income tax) to give assistance to impoverished citizens.

I know I could google this but I always find the answers here more sincere and informative.

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I'm fairly well read on the events of the crusades, the European motivations/excuses/justifications for the crusades, but I've realized nearly everything I know is from a European perspective.

How exactly did the Abbasid or Fatimid Caliphates take the western invaders? Did they see the crusades as a religious war or a political one (that is to say: how influential was religions roll in the caliphates response to the crusades)? I realize I might be asking to big a question for this sub but inquiring minds want to know: what were the crusades like for the Muslims politically and how did it influence their impression of European powers?

I am aware of one US Army experiment involving the importation of camels for field work that showed promising results before being cut short by the Civil War, but that seems a little too late in comparison to the ubiquity of Horses in the Americas now. Considering how Camels are well-suited for desert environments and the prevalence of deserts and dry areas (Great Basin, Patagonian and Atacama deserts, etc.), wouldn't it have made sense to bring them over as well? Also, wouldn't the camel's ability to survive extended periods without fresh water make them just as easy, if not easier, to ship across the Atlantic than Horses?

The only resource Ming wanted for was Silver, as they used it for coinage. At this point in history, it had been proven that a trek across the Pacific was possible. This combined with the Ming's ability to build large ships (as seen with Zheng He's voyages), I'm left with the question, why didn't the Ming attempt to tap into the large quantities of silver in the Americas, as discovered by the Portuguese and the Spanish.

Asking as a non-American only somewhat familiar with the civil war.

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And are there any other stories or records of peculiar incendiary weapons (not including greek fire)?

Since many of the children of Nazi Germany spent most, if not all, of their formative years being indoctrinated into Nazism, was it harder to try to denazify them?

Was there any legitimate fears, and any actual cases, of the former Hitler Youth who when they became adults, retained their fascist ideology? How do they, when that's all a child knew or understood, try to retrain these children?

Thanks for any insight.

hi, i want to learn about russian communism and the events surrounding it, currently i know very little about it but would like to learn about communist russa quite in depth, was wondering if anyone could reccomend books for me to read

Sorry for the vague title, not sure everything would fit. Anyway, there's a (possibly apocryphal) story that when the mathematician/logician Kurt Gödel was applying for US citizenship, he read the entire constitution and claimed to discover a loophole that could allow a dictator to rise to power. Did anyone ever find out what the loophole he found was?

Or is this a poor understanding of African history on my part?

I understand why northern and north-east Africa (Carthage, Egypt, Ethiopia) had large states (because being close to the sea gave them better fertility and access to trade), but what's special about the area where Ghana/Mali/Songhay were? Or is it unrelated to geographical features?