What were the primary causes of the Peloponnesian War, according to Thucydides?

In his history, Thucydides outlines various causes, but it seems that the speeches performed later in his text counteract his own argument.

1 Answers 2016-11-29

Where animal head hoods an actual thing?

Like this https://i.imgur.com/oF6G2Zv.jpg but not just a lion's head but also a bear's/tiger's/wolf's. Is this something people actually wore somewhere in history or is it purely fictional?

Surprisingly couldn't find anything on google about this

1 Answers 2016-11-29

Why didn't George Washington have children?

1 Answers 2016-11-29

How did people prior to modern medicine treat bruxism (grinding of teeth when asleep)?

I'm sure there's been recorded cases of people having bruxism in the ancient days, right? Did they try to make simple nightguards too?

2 Answers 2016-11-29

What was the state of the city of Rome in 477 AD, one year after the "fall" of Western Rome?

1 Answers 2016-11-28

Humans at one point used to see slavery as a positive good. At what time did this change to where now modern humans are disgusted by its practice?

1 Answers 2016-11-28

How did veterans of past wars view World War 1 and World War 2?

How did veteran's view the world wars? Do we have any record of Say the Spanish American war or Civil war soldiers views on the wars?

1 Answers 2016-11-28

We always imagine the future as dominated by technology. Before this trend started, how did people imagine the future?

1 Answers 2016-11-28

Can anyone recommend a good layman's history of the soviet space program?

1 Answers 2016-11-28

Are the boat Designs in Disney's "Moana" accurate to pre-contact Hawaiian designs?

1 Answers 2016-11-28

WW1 Christmas day truce and football match

How did each side organise and agree on the christmas day truce and football match from the trenches?

1 Answers 2016-11-28

I've recently heard people argue that the founders created the role of "electors" in the Electoral College so that a populist candidate could be denied the Presidency if he were to win the election. Is this true and, if not, what was their actual intended purpose?

1 Answers 2016-11-28

Is there a consensus that Gobekli Tepi was created by Hunter Gatherers?

Hello,

From what I have read, it is understood that Gobekli Tepi was constructed by Hunter-gatherers. Therefore, civilization and sedentary farming wasn't around during this time AFAIK.

My question is: what is the current consensus on Gobekli Tepi's creation? Is their concrete proof that the people were hunter-gatherers that built it? Or do we just assume that they were hunter-gatherers because we have no signs of civilization and sedentary farming during that time?

On a bit of a tangent but somewhat relevant.....how much stock do you guys put into the Younger Dryas comet wiping out all of North American megafauna and the Clovis culture? Do you personally think it's possible that the Younger Dryas comet and the catastrophe associated with it was the inspiration for the flood myth?

1 Answers 2016-11-28

Where and how did ancient Egyptians go to the bathroom?

[deleted]

1 Answers 2016-11-28

What was so special about medieval Welsh and English long bows? Why couldn't anyone else cut a six foot piece of Yew and shoot it back at them?

1 Answers 2016-11-28

Fidel Castro. I hear good things, I hear bad things. What made this man great? What made this man infamous?

1 Answers 2016-11-28

How spread out were aerial dogfights during WWI and WWII, and how often did midair collisions occur?

I couldn't find answers to a similar question here in the past year or so. But I imagine when one formation tangled with another it must have been chaotic. Did dogfights take place over a huge area and turn into essentially several different one-on-one engagements, or were pilots dodging friendly fire/planes the whole time?

1 Answers 2016-11-28

What percentage of the Islamic Golden Age was Persian?

I've run into a fairly common claim by Persians and non-Persians alike that the "Islamic Golden Age" was really not the work of Beduin Arabs as is implicitly implied by many historians (the original Arabs ala the Prophet himself). Rather, it was mostly the work of many other cultures that the Arabs simply absorbed through conquest; most notably the Persians.

Surely, the Persians were Islamized and Arabized culturally; however when people loosely refer to the age of "Islamic Golden Age" or even "Arab Golden Age" there is usually an implicit assumption that we are talking about ethnic Arabs (which is an identity that is much more far reaching today).

In my experience, everytime people list the great Arab scientists of the Golden Age, the majority on that last will invariably turn out to be Persian.

Even Muslim philosopher Ibn Khaldun seems to remark:

Thus the founders of grammar were Sibawaih and after him, al-Farisi and Az-Zajjaj. All of them were of Persian descent… they invented rules of (Arabic) grammar … great jurists were Persians … only the Persians engaged in the task of preserving knowledge and writing systematic scholarly works. Thus the truth of the statement of the prophet becomes apparent, 'If learning were suspended in the highest parts of heaven the Persians would attain it' … The intellectual sciences were also the preserve of the Persians, left alone by the Arabs, who did not cultivate them … as was the case with all crafts … This situation continued in the cities as long as the Persians and Persian countries, Iraq, Khorasan and Transoxiana [=modern Central Asia], retained their sedentary culture.

Muqaddimah, Translated by Franz Rosenthal (III, pp. 311-15, 271-4 [Arabic]; R.N. Frye. p. 91. See also[edit]

On Arabs:

Arabs dominate only of the plains, because they are, by their savage nature, people of pillage and corruption. They pillage everything that they can take without fighting or taking risks, then flee to their refuge in the wilderness, and do not stand and do battle unless in self-defense. So when they encounter any difficulty or obstacle, they leave it alone and look for easier prey. And tribes well-fortified against them on the slopes of the hills escape their corruption and destruction, because they prefer not to climb hills, nor expend effort, nor take risks. Whereas plains, when they can reach them due to lack of protection and weakness of the state, are spoils for them and morsels for them to eat, which they will keep despoiling and raiding and conquering with ease until their people are defeated, then imitate them with mutual conflict and political decline, until their civilization is destroyed. And Allah is capable of their creation, and He is the One, the Victorious, and there is no other lord than Him.

So my question is, how much truth to it is this claim? I'd love to see both an ethnic and religious break-down of major contributors during the Islamic Golden Age. What percentage was Persian? Bedouin? Would the Persian Golden Age be a defensible name? When did the cultural term "Arab" start to refer to so many groups of people? Would Persians of that time referred to themselves as Arab? I understand that some groups today like Iranians and Egyptians still have internal debates about the validity of the Arab identity.

edit:

More Ibn Khaldun on Arabs:

It is noteworthy how civilization always collapsed in places the Arabs took over and conquered, and how such settlements were depopulated and the (very) earth there turned into something that was no (longer) earth. The Yemen where (the Arabs) live is in ruins, except for a few cities. Persian civilization in the Arab 'Iraq is likewise completely ruined. The same applies to contemporary Syria. When the Banu Hilal and the Banu Sulaym pushed through (from their homeland) to Ifrigiyah and the Maghrib in (the beginning of) the fifth [eleventh] century and struggled there for three hundred and fifty years, they attached themselves to (the country), and the flat territory in (the Maghrib) was completely ruined. formerly, the whole region between the Sudan and the Mediterranean had been settled. This (fact) is attested by the relics of civilization there, such as monuments, architectural sculpture, and the visible remains of villages and hamlets. Furthermore, as we have stated before,147 it is the nature of (the Arabs) not only to appropriate the possessions of other people but, beyond that, to refrain from exercising any (power of) arbitration among them and to fail to keep them from (fighting) each other.

So yes, there seems to be something of a narrative there (seemingly contemporary to Ibn Khaldun), that "ethnic Arabs" simply absorbed, conquered and never created sustainable civilization whereas Persians and other Muslims were the ones really spearheading achievement. I'm just wondering if there is any truth to that (clearly biased) narrative.

1 Answers 2016-11-28

What options would an ambitious woman in imperial china have to gain (some) power for herself?

Since this question spans a long time, I'm sure there were changes in the paths to power open to women. The era I'm most interested in would be the Tang and Song dynasty and the chaos in the time between them. But a general overview (if possible) would also be appreciated.

I guess that women from powerful families had a better shot at power than those from lower classes, so if that guess is correct, assume that I'm asking about women from the nobility.

1 Answers 2016-11-28

Did George Washington personally or by order ever execute deserters, rapists, or traitors in the middle of the revolutionary war?

This question was asked by someone in the comment section of the front page pic of Fidel Castro executing a political opponent.

1 Answers 2016-11-28

In "Diplomacy" by Kissinger, he mentions that 19th century Russia had both Asian and European focused foreign offices. With the European directive being dominated by "Baltic Germans". Who were these Baltic Germans and how important of a role did they have in Tsarist Russia?

2 Answers 2016-11-28

We often see Native Americans in paintings from Early Colonial America smoking pipes. Was this a regular pastime or is this a stereotype?

1 Answers 2016-11-28

How lenient was Nikita Khruschev's USSR when it came to censorship?

I read on Wikipedia that when Nikita Khsurchev led the USSR, he was more lax on censorship, and he repealed a lot of the other guy's harsh laws. So if someone was spreading capitalism/anarchism/1960s counterculture ideas etc, what would the punishment be during Khruschev's rule? Was the idea of [democratic centralism] (https://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_centralism&ved=0ahUKEwig4uLAnMzQAhUP7GMKHWBQDawQFggjMAE&usg=AFQjCNEb5dOZPT5_qaNqEdoxrhU9oCUxtQ) still a policy when he was in power?

Thanks in advance to everyone who replies to this.

1 Answers 2016-11-28

Virginian slaves made to act like English farm workers?

In 'Albion's Seed' at page 389, David Hackett Fisher asserts that early Virginian planters tried to make their slaves dress, speak and play if they were English farm workers. He gives no reference. Is there a source of good evidence of this? Thank you.

1 Answers 2016-11-28

How much equipment (weight wise) did the individual front-line Soldier or Marine carry during combat operations in World War 2?

In popular media I always see the guys going in with what appears to be a pretty light combat load. Did the military doctrine assume that they would resupply from the rear fairly regularly, or utilize the enemies gear (ammo, water, and food)?

1 Answers 2016-11-28

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