The outbreak of WW2 certainly ended any pretenses at following any of the naval treaties of the interwar period, but I'm curious as to whether any mechanism of state ever officially (perhaps by name or implicit mention) revoked the treaty or anything along those lines.

I know it was very much a time of religious fanaticism and superstition but there must have at least been a few skeptics. I'm curious to know what if any documented examples of people exist between 500-1500 AD who either questioned or outright doubted the existence of a god. In addition amongst common people (peasants, laborers, tradesmen) was belief in God universal?

I read about Kirov's death (allegedly ordered by Stalin, though not proven), and it was evident that he was a hard-working and loyal Communist, with no ulterior motives to oppose Stalin. However, it was mentioned that he was also very boisterous and independent-minded, leading somewhat of a Bohemian lifestyle that could have been in discord with Stalin's strict and spartan worldview. Stalin could have viewed him as some sort of bad role model, so in this case there is at least some "logic" (quotes intended).

What other "justification" would have Stalin had for other purged members?

Did any country attempt to outfit an expedition that simply failed? Did someone try taking a multi-person boat in that direction and sunk? History seems to say that Columbus got extremely lucky in even making it to America, did anyone else try and fail? What type of records do we have of the expedition? I can't imagine much more than "we sent bob on a trip. Never came back. Presumed sunk."

According to Wikipedia it's a rank symbol which were usually gold/silver. I'm just more curious if there were more uses to it except that, or if that was the only way it was worn? I also found examples with a leather strap or no rope at all. Can anybody expand more on this?

Yes I'm aware of the standard response of "medieval is a lot of land and a lot of time", but principally we can agree that medieval landholders was where the money was at (with understandable variation).

So, generally speaking, when someone generated wealth from their lands what was occurring to make them wealthy? Were they selling their goods to passing merchants? Did the lord strike an agreement with enterprises that needed their crop nearby? Did they sell their crop directly to the people living on their land?

I strangely doubt that a medieval lord put all his crops into a box and waited for the Harvest Moon guy to come along and pick it up and drop shekels into his account at sundown each day.

So what was the primary vessel of accruing wealth? What did the transactions look like? How did it go from crop to money in hand?

Hey guys, I'm fairly new around here. I currently have the task of presenting (in the form of a speech) the major achievements of a significant individual from Medieval Europe. As you can see, I have chosen Henry VIII and am currently working through the reformation of the English church. I have visited various websites as well as read through the book 'The Reformation: For Airmchair Theologians'. I have been able to research the significant people for and opposed to what led to the reformation, however, I am struggling to get a clear view of how the public viewed King Henry during and after the English reformation. Any answers would be greatly appreciated — thanks!

Cannot find anything on google.

Kind of hard for me to put into a small question, but what I mean is, during what consulship of the Roman Republic did both consuls hold the values of the Republican tradition? Often it is shown that one consul was much more distinguished than the other (as seen with Scipio Aemilianus Africanus, Gaius Marius, etc.) or that they don't uphold the values of the Republic (i.e: Marius, The First Triumvirs, etc.) either through corruption or the breaking of constitution or tradition. So rather I'm asking as for which point did these morals or standards decline in the Roman politics and which consuls best upheld it. I'm trying not to make this sound like a "poll" question, rather as a "when/who" question.

I'd assume it'd be for easier governing, but correct me if I'm wrong.

I googled this for 30 minutes. No avail. Was he speaking German at the Diet of Worms? Or English? And whats this that i hear he didnt say "Here i stand"? Did he even speak english?

From the Arabs centuries and millenia ago, to Hitler in the 1940s, and even to most Islamic countries nowadays -- the Jews seem to have a long history of conflict with other groups.

What were the major historical events that sowed the seeds for Antisemitism throughout ancient, recent and contemporary history? What made the Jews of interest to other groups?

We already know Hitler's favorite kings and emperors from the past, but I have never heard of Stalin's favorites, those he admired and studied the most.

Ive heard stories about ww2 but noone really clarified to me how exactly the allies "outplayed" the germans

Were there regional market towns that were not administrative centers?

How commercialized was agriculture? Did farmers grow cash crops for export in the large cities like Tenochtitlan, or outside their immediate area?

Was there interregional commerce within the empire? If so, how did it work?

Was the economy principally based on money or barter? Did the empire produce coins? Is it true that cocoa beans were used as currency, and if so, how were the beans distributed across the empire? Would cocoa beans be accepted as money across the empire?

Was the large population of Tenochtitlan fed primarily by commercial networks, by the tribute sent to the center by the Aztec conquests, by the agriculture of the city's immediate hinterland, or by other means? Or was it a mixture of these methods?

Who were the people in Tenochtitlan, in terms of occupation? Were there large merchant populations in the city, or was the city inhabited largely by people (slaves, servants, artisans, etc) who were bondsmen or clients of the aristocracy?

Were there cities comparable in size to Tenochtitlan anywhere in Mesoamerica?

How did commerce work across multiple states, e.g. between the Tarascans and the Aztecs, or between the Aztecs and the Mixtecs?

On Wikipedia, the articles for Lenin and Trotsky devote paragraphs talking about their views of Communism and Marxism.

However the article for Stalin doesn't go into much detail about this. I tried using Google to find out more to satisfy my personal curiosity but links were mostly talking about Stalin's policies, paranoia, purges and so on....briefly mentioning the Communism in one country thing...

So my question is....did Stalin even have an ideology? Did he have in depth ideas about Marxism like Lenin and Trotsky did? Or was he just totalitarian?