Any historical evidence of where the line between a duke, king and emperor lies?

If so what were those examples? If not why not? Are there any examples does a more recent Wars? Has military training been adapted try to prevent it?

Note that I'm not talking about the Christmas Truce has that was apparently a top-down decision. I am referring to many incidents in which they would purposely miss their shelling and over time officers had to people around to break up these truces.

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Lincoln's speech received a famously lukewarm to less than flattering reception in 1863, especially in contemporary newspaper accounts usually drawn along party lines. However even Republican newspapers don't seem to regard the speech as anything truly magnificent.

What were the circumstances that lead to the speech being universally regarded as great, and even quoted in other countries constitutions?

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If this is true what was their relationship

The capital of the Confederacy was 110 miles from Washington D.C., which got me thinking whether it would've even made any difference if one side would've conquered and occupied the other side's capitol. It seems like you had "border states" throughout the war, and I guess both sides just agreed to march through them and ignore their affiliation.

But all this begs the question: what were the specific objectives of each side. Did the Union see the complete destruction of the Confederate army as the only way to end the war? And were the Confederates trying to destroy the Union army too, or just outlast them to the point where the Union called off hostilities?

Honor was a big deal in medieval. I read somewhere, that if a soldier was stabbed in the back during a battle, the one who stabbed him didn't lose honor, it was in fact the one being stabbed, who was considered dishonorable. The explanation is, that if you had been stabbed in the back, it means you had had your back to the battlefield, which means you had been fleeing the battle.

Is there any truth behind this?

I have always wondered how such an outdated view could become so popular then. Why was the view not adopted in Nepal earlier? Would they not have known of how badly it worked out for China? Who introduced the view?

Any answers/feedback apreciated :)

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I'm very interested in the Golden Age of Piracy - Do you know any literature (or maybe also other media) that covers this topic?

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Something to do with the Wiemar Republic, but I can't seem to find an explanation as to WHY these Nobilities were dissolved in 1919.

In England the Nobility and titles kept going, even to the present day.

I have a personal interest in Cryptography, I would like to learn more about the history of it and would like to know if David Kahn is a good place to start?

I've also been eyeing off Bruce Schneier books.

Was there ever any stories or rumors created about why their eyes are so small?

Also was it even understood by most medieval Europeans that other races existed? (blacks, asians, middle easterners, indians, etc)

Really sorry if any of this came off as racist but I'm really curious.

How did people make metal things using moulds? How were they able to melt metal and get it into a mould? Also how did they manage to heat furnaces hot enough to melt metal?

It is abundantly clear that both the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire produced fantastic generals, from Marius, Pompey, Caesar (Julius and Augustus), but we don't often hear much about Military Academies for these Generals, most are simply the heirs to rich families.

Did the Romans ever have something along the lines of a Military Academy for Generals? Something like a West Point in the United States?

EDIT: And if not, why?