As a Spanish colony and then a Mexican possession, both Spanish speaking authorities, how did California become an English speaking majority by the 20th century?

Just looking for Scandinavian sea shanties or sea songs, as I can't find many examples of these online compared to British shanties. Mostly interested in Norwegian songs. Thank you in advance.

What is it just Saddam taking advantage of the situation, or was there more ideology behind it?

The Dutch Republic and their involvement with the American Revolution, was it kept mainly to the West Indies and with trade agreements? I know that the Fourth Anglo Dutch War comes out/starts during the American Revolution. I'm trying to find more sources/information for a paper I'm doing with Dutch involvement during the American Revolution.

In WW2, substantial numbers of Soviet citizens worked with the invading German army. Ukrainians, most notably, were ambivalent toward the Nazi occupation because of anger at the Soviet government.

However, Nazi racial theory suggested that such peoples were sub-human and ought to be slaughtered en masse. While plans for systematic Slavic extermination were never put into action to the same degree as the Jewish Holocaust, millions of Slavic civilians were still killed.

Did the Nazis plan to eventually murder the hundreds of thousands of Slavs who sided with them over the Soviet government?

It's not like armies had loads of Major Generals lying around in case they had a war, did they rapidly promote existing officers or have a selection process? This question could apply to non commissioned officers as well

Since Wales was invaded and the English tried to incorporate it, at what point did it start to be recognised as a country rather than part of the United Kingdom?

I've been discussing the upcoming election with a friend of mine, and he mentioned a scenario where he thought for sure Americans would riot. Like, nationwide revolt. I believe it to be unlikely, since in that scenario, Americans would still have plenty of food, cable TV, reddit, etc. Panem et circenses, et cetera.

That got me thinking. Have there been any revolutions where the revolutionaries were both fed and entertained?

Like, kinda how we call US Marines "Devil Dogs" or "Leather Necks", or how we used to call British Soldiers "Red Coats". Is there any record of nicknames for certain types of troops?

Basically title...I am reading Chernow's "Hamilton," and it mentions that Washington, Hamilton and Madison were granted honorary French citizenship.

Having been to the hall of battles in Versailles (where Yorktown is represented as a pinnacle of French military history), I can understand the reverence for Washington. Hamilton was obviously connected to both Washington and Lafayette...but why Madison? It seems like Jefferson would be the more apropos choice as the longtime American ambassador and outspoken Francophile - Why the reverence for Madison?