Is this defined in terms of population? A writing system? Traditions? What's the difference between a bunch of people in the same geographic area and a civilization?

The document is from 1610 and is featured in a book about the "Baron of Salignac" I think. The ancestor is referred to as a Maistre d'hostel, so what does that exactly mean in context for that time period.

Asked this r/askhistory but it devolved into a shitshow

I barely know the subject about them outside forrest gump, and a lot of people are saying that everything bad about them was made up to smear them; which I won't believe either as it's too convenient of an answer.

The background of this question is that there is a figure in my family who used to tell a lot of dramatic stories from his younger days, but there was this gap in his stories that spanned the Russian Civil War up until he wound up in Paris. I've read about some of the chaos at Novorossiysk. Were there other scrambles to get out at the end? Any recommendations for good first-person accounts of unimportant soldiers in the conflict?

I have heard/read frequently about how the UK guaranteed Belgian independence because they didn't want any great power to get hold of the ports because that would make it easier to invade.

But the power the UK was afraid of immediately before WW1 was France. But why would this make a difference? France has a relatively long coastline with the UK and I assume lots of ports on there. Is it simply that having all these extra ports to blockade would be too much?

And why didn't the UK also guarantee the Netherlands? Surely that was just as bad a risk to British naval security.

What is the difference (in ideas of governance) between these two schools of thought?

It seems like the polis is stated as a more humanistic centered style of governance but isn't it based on individual accomplishments that benefit the entire polis?

How is that different from the Confucian idea of unity/Harmonyin state?

Is it something like the good is based on individual input vs government input?

I'm confused about whether or not the Kievan Rus were actually Slavic because someone told me they were founded by the Vikings. So how were they founded? and how and when were they converted to Christianity? I'd like to know if the conversion was violent or not and what their religion/Slavic paganism was like before. Some source suggestions in English would also be great. Omg this is my first Reddit post thank you :D

I can't seem to read about the religions of Ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, etc. without hearing of archeological sites that gave us a lot of the information. (Also old South American religions, Asian religions...) But I'm looking for temples or holy sites for the Nordic religion and can't find any. How do we know about Nordic religions? Are there ancient sites I'm not aware of? Or is it through oral/written histories?

I know that American officials sent little messages down to Japan about warnings, but did the public know it was going to happen, or at least have a hint it was going to happen?

EDIT: I meant the atomic bombs that bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

I've never seen any references to a war chariot in medieval Europe.

I'm getting this question from "The Idiot." Is Prince Myshkin the descendant of a princely family ruling one of the former Rus states? was it normal for titles to survive disembodied like this? Can there only be one prince in his family? Or is prince in this context a translation of something that is not so equivocal in English?

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I have read before that at their peak they had the second largest army in the world. Beyond that I am not very familiar with the history. Is is right to assume that they were essentially a mercenary force doing the British Empires bidding?

Have been looking into the secret bombing of Cambodia and was wondering if any historians had done some in depth research on the subject and public reactions. Also am open to any first hand accounts of people who were there when the news was released.

So, I have to write a short (500 Word) Historiographical essay for my Researching and Writing History class. The topic/question that I am researching is: Why did Hitler hate the Jews, and what did Hitler and the Nazis say/do to persuade the German population to participate in anti-Semitism as well?

Im having a hard time finding articles from different historians on the same topic, so help there would be appreciated. Also, if you have any tips or guides to writing a Historiographical Essay, that would be great as well.

Been watching Downton Abbey and someone is always getting asked about (or accused of) being a republican.

It sounds like it's another word for 'radical or 'anarchist', but I feel there's an actual political aspect I'm missing. (You think I'd know this, as my grandfather was in the IRA, but I find myself pretty ignorant here.)

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I recently noticed that Netflix added The Heavy Water War, a Norwegian series about the commando raids on the heavy water production facilities in Norway during WW2. I've only been able to watch a few episodes but I have a great fascination with these raids and the groups involved. My question is how historically accurate is the series? I'm sure that some liberties were taken to make it a bit more dramatic, but I'm curious to see how it holds up to the scrutiny of the experts.