It looks like there were a ton of African countries that gained independence at this time. Why did it happen when it did? Were there any specific leaders of a large movement or something?

Most of the times I read about the Eastern Roman Empire, I find a reference along the lines of "at this point, they had abandoned Latin and only spoke Greek". I've never found out when did this happen (and why), and whether this was a gradual process or the product of some emperor's decree.

I know that back in the early first century, Greek was the "educated language" in pretty much all of the Near East, but Latin was the one in official documents because Roman Empire. But that was quite before the Roman Empire's partition... did Latin never really gain its foothold as the primary language in the region, to begin with?

Was their treatment just as harsh as treatment towards the Jews and the Gypsies? Were they also deported/killed?

I know both the Angles and the Saxons arrived at similar times, and Angleland - England. I also know the correct term is "Anglo-Saxon". But weren't they different tribes?

And many works of literature, such as Walter Scott's Ivanhoe, call the pre-Norman populace only "Saxon", why are we so ready to omit the "Anglo" part of our tradition?

How was france and britain able to make the agreement with germany without czechoslovakia being involved? And how was the reaction of the public in the affected countries?

I read that most people in the middle ages drank beer as their staple rather than water, since so many places did not have clean drinking water. So...

Hi All,

I am curious if anybody knows of any instances of mass migration of a distinct group of people from one country to another during the 20th century. For example, in the 1970s loads of ethnic Indians emigrated from Fiji to Australia/India/Canada once a pro-Fijian/anti-Indian government suddenly rose to power.

I am aware of the mass migrations that surround WWI (e.g. the Armenians) and WWII (e.g. the Jews), but does anybody offhand know of any other instances of this happening? The more subtle the better!

I appreciate it!

How were volunteer fighters who travelled to Spain in order to fight on either side of the civil war treated? Did the Spanish fighters feel respect or disdain when interacting with foreign fighters?

Similarly, how would a British guy going to Spain to fight be treated by his family and friends? Are there any biographies that detail this?

Guinea, Equatorial Guinea, Guinea-Bissau and even Papua New Guinea... why? I'm very curious. I figured I would ask here as there might be a historical reason for it that I am unfamiliar with.

Has there ever existed any semblance of a human society which predominantly operates during the night (note: I am not referring to sub-cultures within a society, such as night shift workers).

My grandfather lived through WW2 in England, and told me the story a few decades ago about a mistake on the part of German propaganda radio. Allegedly the German propaganda broadcasts would attempt to reduce British civilian morale by announcing the "sinking" of British warships which had not, in fact, been sunk; but someone didn't realize that the Royal Navy had shore establishments which were nonetheless named "HMS something" and their announcements were thus revealed as untrue when they announced the "sinking" of something which their listeners knew was not a ship.

I haven't been able to find any reference to such an errant propaganda broadcast, either by searching via google or by clicking through Wikipedia's list of Royal Navy shore establishments, which makes me wonder if this story is more amusing than true. Can anyone here confirm or refute this story?

And furthermore, what were the societal effects of socially conscious rap when it was at the height of its popularity?

Are there any found linkages between political rap and periods of peace? (juxtaposed to the violence and rioting we're seeing today)

disclaimer: i know not all current rap is about the superficial (to pimp a butterfly was a great album) but a lot of rap nowadays is.

Thank you!

Hey guys, I'm doing my IB extended essay in history and I'm finding it difficult to find some primary sources of the Nazi Experiments. I want to know what the results of the experiments were and how they affected the doctors and patients, psychologically and physically. If you know any websites or links it would be greatly appreciated. Thanks :)

France sort of went crazy for metric for a while, besides measurements they had metric calendars and clocks.

Did they or anyone else ever try to re-create music in a metric framework? 1/10 notes? 10/10 time? Maybe this question is ludicrous, I don't know much about music theory or western musical structures.