WW1 saw the use of balloons and biplanes for artillery observation / spotting. I imagine a balloon could communicate with personnel on the ground using cables, or visual signals, or by shouting.

But what about biplanes? How do they communicate with personnel on the ground? Flags or semaphores? Other visual signals? Primitive radios? Wait until they land?

Thanks in advance!

Would be interested in references, books, articles or primary sources.

My (limited) understanding is that positions of generalship in the Roman Army (at least the Republican era) were largely political appointments that came with the duties of consulship and other offices. As well, positions in military service and command in the Roman Army was considered prestigious and even necessary for the reputation of an aspiring or established Roman politician.

Do we have records of Romans being appointed to positions of 'admiralty' (or whatever the equivalent is) and reacting poorly? Would a leader of a fleet be considered 'lower' than a leader of an army?

Do we know a lot about Roman attitude towards naval service, and the navy in general? Are there any solid works on Roman naval tradition?

To be a little more specific, as far as I know they were light cavalry. Does that mean their primary battle focus would have been ranged fight?

What was their equipment (how many throwing spears did one soldier carry into a battle)? Where did they keep those spears when they were fighting?

Would they have been used in the pursuit of disorganized fleeing enemies?

What was their role in combat? Did they attack before meele Battle between Formations started? And what would they do during the battle, I imagine throwing spears into fighting Formations could very well injure your own troops. Also you can carry only so many spears, what would they do once they had no ammunition?

Again, sorry if this is the wrong subreddit!

1. Why was 1 Enoch rejected by most Christian churches for their canon? It contains a lot of Daniel style "Son of Man" prophecies that could be very well applied to Jesus and is even directly quoted in the canonical Letter of Jude.

2. Conversely, why are the Orthodox Tewahedo Church (and the Jewish Beta Israel congregation) of Ethiopia the ones who did canonize 1 Enoch?

So all i've heard about this is that the Spartans were a sort of small elite that ruled over the helots who vastly outnumbered them. What was the connection between the two groups. Were they essentially the same 'people', where the helots were just the unfortunate lower class and the 'Spartans' the aristocracy. Were they ethnically the same? Did the helots and Spartans both originate from the same place, or were the Spartans originally foreign conquerors who subjugated the helots.

Thanks

I know about the Augustus of Prima Porta, but in Ancient Greece/Rome were there any pieces of artwork that were reknown throughout the known world? Not things like the Statue of Zeus at Olympia but things like the Prima Porta.

With Mayday coming up, I was wondering if anyone could shed some light on how we know about some of the common traditions and festivals.

Each year I see the flowers, and occasionally the odd maypole, but it's hard to work out where the real traditions end and the made up begin.

There are countless brief articles on the internet about jacks in the green, may garlands, may queens etc, but I haven't found a single one that links to a reliable source.

Does anyone know any books or sources where I can read about the history of these events and beliefs? I'm particularly interested in history books, but any articles with sources would be a great improvement.

Were there any specific events? Clashes in ideology?

Although i knew in advance that Argentina was a rich country beforehand, i recently heard that Argentina around the early 20th centuary (around 1900-1950) was one of the richest countries in the world. The country was even richer than, apparently, a lot of european nations. But today, Argentina is still not a fully developped country and it's history there has been military junta, and several bad financial crisises, than has hurt the country's economy pretty bad. But how was it that Argentina became such a poor country with a rocky economy when it, no less than 100 years ago, was one of the richest countries in the world??

What were some of the earliest uses of paper currency and are their any interesting examples?

What did regimes like those of the French Revolution, the first french empire or the third reich put on their banknotes?

What happened with regard to currency when a regime such as those mentioned annexed new territory?

The Liberals used to be the main opposition to the Conservatives, but the last election where the Liberals had more vote than Labour was 1918. In the US where we also have a first past the post system, when a new major party has arisen (like when the Republicans overtook the Whigs), the old party tends to disappear. In addition to my main question, what factors in Britain led to the Liberals to continue to exist as a party when it was overtaken by Labour?